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Quantum computing has made significant advancements in the last years in both hardware and software. Unfortunately, the currently available Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) hardware is still heavily affected by noise. Many…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-04 Tobias Forster , Nils Quetschlich , Robert Wille

Neutral atom technologies have opened the door to novel theoretical advances in surface-code protocols for fault-tolerant quantum computation (FTQC), offering a compelling alternative to lattice surgery by leveraging transversal gates.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-25 Shinichi Sunami , Akihisa Goban , Hayata Yamasaki

Neutral atom Quantum Processing Units (QPUs) are emerging as a popular quantum computing technology due to their large qubit counts and flexible connectivity. However, performance challenges arise as large circuits experience significant…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-19 Francisco Romão , Daniel Vonk , Emmanuil Giortamis , Dennis Sprokholt , Pramod Bhatotia

Executing quantum applications with quantum error correction (QEC) faces the gate non-universality problem imposed by the Eastin-Knill theorem. As one resource-time-efficient solution, code switching changes the encoding of logical qubits…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-17 Anbang Wu , Keyi Yin , Andrew W. Cross , Ang Li , Yufei Ding

Superconducting qubits, while promising for scalability and long coherence times, contain more than two energy levels, and therefore are susceptible to errors generated by the leakage of population outside of the computational subspace.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-02-23 Joydip Ghosh , Austin G. Fowler

Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum Computing (NISQ) has dominated headlines in recent years, with the longer-term vision of Fault-Tolerant Quantum Computation (FTQC) offering significant potential albeit at currently intractable resource…

Distributed quantum computing (DQC) that allows a large quantum circuit to be executed simultaneously on multiple quantum processing units (QPUs) becomes a promising approach to increase the scalability of quantum computing. It is natural…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-30 Ruilin Zhou , Yuhang Gan , Yi Liu , Chen Qian

Demonstrating small error rates by integrating quantum error correction (QEC) into an architecture of quantum computing is the next milestone towards scalable fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC). Encoding logical qubits with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-03 Yasunari Suzuki , Takanori Sugiyama , Tomochika Arai , Wang Liao , Koji Inoue , Teruo Tanimoto

Practical applications of quantum computing depend on fault-tolerant devices that employ error correction. A promising quantum error-correcting code for large-scale quantum computing is the surface code. For this code, Fault-Tolerant…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-21 Theodoros Trochatos , Christopher Kang , Andrew Wang , Frederic T. Chong , Jakub Szefer

In fault-tolerant quantum computing, a large number of physical qubits are required to construct a single logical qubit, and a single quantum node may be able to hold only a small number of logical qubits. In such a case, the idea of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-15 Soshun Naito , Yasunari Suzuki , Yuuki Tokunaga

Quantum computers show promise to solve select problems otherwise intractable on classical computers. However, noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) era devices are currently prone to various sources of error. Quantum error correction…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-25 Maxwell Poster , Sayam Sethi , Jonathan Baker

Quantum bits have technological imperfections. Additionally, the capacity of a component that can be implemented feasibly is limited. Therefore, distributed quantum computation is required to scale up quantum computers. This dissertation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-04-11 Shota Nagayama

Large-scale quantum computers have the potential to hold computational capabilities beyond conventional computers for certain problems. However, the physical qubits within a quantum computer are prone to noise and decoherence, which must be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-06 Luka Skoric , Dan E. Browne , Kenton M. Barnes , Neil I. Gillespie , Earl T. Campbell

Reducing space and time overheads of fault-tolerant quantum computation (FTQC) has been receiving increasing attention as it is crucial for the development of quantum computers and also plays a fundamental role in understanding the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-14 Yugo Takada , Hayata Yamasaki

Quantum Error Correction (QEC) codes form the foundation of Fault-Tolerant Quantum Computing (FTQC) and predominantly use the Clifford+T gate set. Recently, Clifford operations have become the key performance bottleneck in implementing QEC.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-26 Meng Wang , Chenxu Liu , Samuel Stein , Yufei Ding , Poulami Das , Prashant J. Nair , Ang Li

Achieving quantum speedups in practical tasks remains challenging for current noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices. These devices always encounter significant obstacles such as inevitable physical errors and the limited…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-28 Riki Toshio , Yutaro Akahoshi , Jun Fujisaki , Hirotaka Oshima , Shintaro Sato , Keisuke Fujii

Fault-tolerance is the future of quantum computing, ensuring error-corrected quantum computation that can be used for practical applications. Resource requirements for fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC) are daunting, and hence,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-13 Sanaa Sharma , Prakash Murali

As quantum systems scale, Multiprogramming Quantum Computing (MPQC) becomes essential to improve device utilization and throughput. However, current MPQC pipelines rely on expensive online compilation to co-optimize concurrently running…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Yilun Zhao , Yu Chen , Kaiyan Chang , He Li , Bing Li , Yinhe Han , Ying Wang

Achieving practical quantum advantage on fault-tolerant quantum computers (FTQC) is fundamentally constrained by the substantial spatial and temporal overheads required to map logical operations onto physical hardware. Existing compilation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-15 Dhanvi Bharadwaj , Siddharth Dangwal , Yuewen Hou , Gokul Subramanian Ravi

Progress in fault-tolerant quantum computation (FTQC) has driven the pursuit of practical applications with early fault-tolerant quantum computers (EFTQC). These devices, limited in their qubit counts and fault-tolerance capabilities,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-06 Qiyao Liang , Yiqing Zhou , Archismita Dalal , Peter D. Johnson