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With the introduction of the transformers architecture, LLMs have revolutionized the NLP field with ever more powerful models. Nevertheless, their development came up with several challenges. The exponential growth in computational power…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Yannis Belkhiter , Giulio Zizzo , Sergio Maffeis

Code translation is crucial for cross-language codebase migration, and large language models (LLMs) have emerged as a promising technique to automate this process. However, the security implications of using LLMs for code translation remain…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Hailong Chang , Guozhu Meng , Shuhui Xiao , Kai Chen , Kun Sun , Yilin Li

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly utilized in healthcare applications. However, their deployment in clinical practice raises significant safety concerns, including the potential spread of harmful information. This study…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Hang Zhang , Qian Lou , Yanshan Wang

The robustness and security of large language models (LLMs) has become a prominent research area. One notable vulnerability is the ability to bypass LLM safeguards by translating harmful queries into rare or underrepresented languages, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Hongliang Li , Jinan Xu , Gengping Cui , Changhao Guan , Fengran Mo , Kaiyu Huang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are swiftly advancing in architecture and capability, and as they integrate more deeply into complex systems, the urgency to scrutinize their security properties grows. This paper surveys research in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-18 Erfan Shayegani , Md Abdullah Al Mamun , Yu Fu , Pedram Zaree , Yue Dong , Nael Abu-Ghazaleh

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly attracting attention in various applications. Nonetheless, there is a growing concern as some users attempt to exploit these models for malicious purposes, including the synthesis of controlled…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Chongwen Zhao , Yutong Ke , Kaizhu Huang

Large language models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to jailbreak prompts that are fluent and semantically coherent, and therefore difficult to detect with standard heuristics. A particularly challenging failure mode occurs when an attacker tries…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Amirhossein Farzam , Majid Behabahani , Mani Malek , Yuriy Nevmyvaka , Guillermo Sapiro

Aligned large language models (LLMs) are vulnerable to jailbreaking attacks, which bypass the safeguards of targeted LLMs and fool them into generating objectionable content. While initial defenses show promise against token-based threat…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-01 Jiabao Ji , Bairu Hou , Alexander Robey , George J. Pappas , Hamed Hassani , Yang Zhang , Eric Wong , Shiyu Chang

Jailbreaking in Large Language Models (LLMs) is a major security concern as it can deceive LLMs to generate harmful text. Yet, there is still insufficient understanding of how jailbreaking works, which makes it hard to develop effective…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Lang Gao , Jiahui Geng , Xiangliang Zhang , Preslav Nakov , Xiuying Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used in natural language processing but face the risk of jailbreak attacks that maliciously induce them to generate harmful content. Existing jailbreak attacks, including character-level and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Bangxin Li , Hengrui Xing , Cong Tian , Chao Huang , Jin Qian , Huangqing Xiao , Linfeng Feng

Large language models (LLMs) have significantly enhanced the performance of numerous applications, from intelligent conversations to text generation. However, their inherent security vulnerabilities have become an increasingly significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-12 Xiongtao Sun , Deyue Zhang , Dongdong Yang , Quanchen Zou , Hui Li

Large Audio Language Models (LALMs) have made significant progress. While increasingly deployed in real-world applications, LALMs face growing safety risks from jailbreak attacks that bypass safety alignment. However, there remains a lack…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Zifan Peng , Yule Liu , Zhen Sun , Mingchen Li , Zeren Luo , Jingyi Zheng , Wenhan Dong , Xinlei He , Xuechao Wang , Yingjie Xue , Shengmin Xu , Xinyi Huang

Jailbreaking is an emerging adversarial attack that bypasses the safety alignment deployed in off-the-shelf large language models (LLMs) and has evolved into multiple categories: human-based, optimization-based, generation-based, and the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Xunguang Wang , Daoyuan Wu , Zhenlan Ji , Zongjie Li , Pingchuan Ma , Shuai Wang , Yingjiu Li , Yang Liu , Ning Liu , Juergen Rahmel

Jailbreak attack can be used to access the vulnerabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) by inducing LLMs to generate the harmful content. And the most common method of the attack is to construct semantically ambiguous prompts to confuse…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Rui Pu , Chaozhuo Li , Rui Ha , Zejian Chen , Litian Zhang , Zheng Liu , Lirong Qiu , Zaisheng Ye

Jailbreak vulnerabilities in Large Language Models (LLMs), which exploit meticulously crafted prompts to elicit content that violates service guidelines, have captured the attention of research communities. While model owners can defend…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Dongyu Yao , Jianshu Zhang , Ian G. Harris , Marcel Carlsson

Speech Language Models (SLMs) enable natural interactions via spoken instructions, which more effectively capture user intent by detecting nuances in speech. The richer speech signal introduces new security risks compared to text-based…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-17 Amirbek Djanibekov , Nurdaulet Mukhituly , Kentaro Inui , Hanan Aldarmaki , Nils Lukas

Large language models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to multi-turn jailbreaking attacks that exploit conversational context to bypass safety constraints gradually. These attacks target different harm categories through distinct conversational…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Ragib Amin Nihal , Rui Wen , Kazuhiro Nakadai , Jun Sakuma

Current jailbreaking work on large language models (LLMs) aims to elicit unsafe outputs from given prompts. However, it only focuses on single-turn jailbreaking targeting one specific query. On the contrary, the advanced LLMs are designed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Xianjun Yang , Liqiang Xiao , Shiyang Li , Faisal Ladhak , Hyokun Yun , Linda Ruth Petzold , Yi Xu , William Yang Wang

Large language models (LLMs) have shown success in many natural language processing tasks. Despite rigorous safety alignment processes, supposedly safety-aligned LLMs like Llama 2 and Claude 2 are still susceptible to jailbreaks, leading to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-15 Ziyang Zhang , Qizhen Zhang , Jakob Foerster

Most safety evaluations of large language models (LLMs) remain anchored in English. Translation is often used as a shortcut to probe multilingual behavior, but it rarely captures the full picture, especially when harmful intent or structure…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Vaibhav Shukla , Hardik Sharma , Adith N Reganti , Soham Wasmatkar , Bagesh Kumar , Vrijendra Singh
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