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The integration of machine learning (ML) with traditional physics-based models is reshaping the landscape of weather and climate prediction. On their own, ML-based and physics-based approaches each have significant benefits - but also…

Data-driven machine learning models for weather forecasting have made transformational progress in the last 1-2 years, with state-of-the-art ones now outperforming the best physics-based models for a wide range of skill scores. Given the…

A~machine learning framework is developed to estimate ocean-wave conditions. By supervised training of machine learning models on many thousands of iterations of a physics-based wave model, accurate representations of significant wave…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2017-09-27 Scott C. James , Yushan Zhang , Fearghal O'Donncha

This paper explores the potential of a hybrid modeling approach that combines machine learning (ML) with conventional physics-based modeling for weather prediction beyond the medium range. It extends the work of Arcomano et al. (2022),…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2024-11-28 Dhruvit Patel , Troy Arcomano , Brian Hunt , Istvan Szunyogh , Edward Ott

A hybrid approach to numerical weather prediction is investigated, in which the unperturbed physics-based ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) is spectrally nudged toward forecasts from a machine-learned weather forecast model, trained…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2026-04-27 I. Polichtchouk , M. C. A. Clare , M. Chantry , E. Gascón , M. Maier-Gerber , B. Vanniere , S. Lang

Machine learning (ML) can represent processes unresolved in coarse-resolution Earth system models (ESMs) by learning from high-resolution climate data. Such ML parameterization approaches have been primarily tested in idealized setups where…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2026-04-14 Erisa Ismaili , Robert C. Jnglin Wills , Tom Beucler

Recently, artificial intelligence-based (AI-based) models for forecasting of global weather have been rapidly developed. Most of the global models are trained on reanalysis datasets with a spatial resolution of 0.25{\deg}*0.25{\deg}.…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2025-01-28 Pengbo Xu , Xiaogu Zheng , Tianyan Gao , Yu Wang , Junping Yin , Juan Zhang , Xuanze Zhang , San Luo , Zhonglei Wang , Zhimin Zhang , Xiaoguang Hu , Xiaoxu Chen

The leading operational Global Ocean Forecasting Systems (GOFSs) use physics-driven numerical forecasting models that solve the partial differential equations with expensive computation. Recently, specifically in atmosphere weather…

The current explosion in machine learning for climate has led to skilled, computationally cheap emulators for the atmosphere. However, the research for ocean emulators remains nascent despite the large potential for accelerating coupled…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2024-03-08 Adam Subel , Laure Zanna

As artificial intelligence (AI) continues to rapidly evolve, the realm of Earth and atmospheric sciences is increasingly adopting data-driven models, powered by progressive developments in deep learning (DL). Specifically, DL techniques are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-07 Shengchao Chen , Guodong Long , Jing Jiang , Dikai Liu , Chengqi Zhang

An influential step in weather forecasting was the introduction of ensemble forecasts in operational use due to their capability to account for the uncertainties in the future state of the atmosphere. However, ensemble weather forecasts are…

Applications · Statistics 2023-05-25 Mária Lakatos , Sebastian Lerch , Stephan Hemri , Sándor Baran

Can we improve the modeling of urban land surface processes with machine learning (ML)? A prior comparison of urban land surface models (ULSMs) found that no single model is 'best' at predicting all common surface fluxes. Here, we develop…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-16 David Meyer , Sue Grimmond , Peter Dueben , Robin Hogan , Maarten van Reeuwijk

Quantum machine learning (QML) is making rapid progress, and QML-based models hold the promise of quantum advantages such as potentially higher expressivity and generalizability than their classical counterparts. Here, we present work on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-30 Mierk Schwabe , Lorenzo Pastori , Valentina Sarandrea , Veronika Eyring

Research on data-driven ocean models has progressed rapidly in recent years; however, the application of these models to global eddy-resolving ocean forecasting remains limited. The accurate representation of ocean dynamics across a wide…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Yuta Hirabayashi , Daisuke Matusoka , Konobu Kimura

Accurate prediction of global sea surface temperature at sub-seasonal to seasonal (S2S) timescale is critical for drought and flood forecasting, as well as for improving disaster preparedness in human society. Government departments or…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2024-09-10 Longhao Wang , Xuanze Zhang , L. Ruby Leung , Francis H. S. Chiew , Amir AghaKouchak , Kairan Ying , Yongqiang Zhang

Long-term time series forecasting (LTSF) involves predicting a large number of future values of a time series based on the past values. This is an essential task in a wide range of domains including weather forecasting, stock market…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-19 Hari Hara Suthan Chittoor , Paul Robert Griffin , Ariel Neufeld , Jayne Thompson , Mile Gu

The reliable integration of wind energy into modern-day electricity systems heavily relies on accurate short-term wind forecasts. We propose a spatio-temporal model called AIRU-WRF (short for the AI-powered Rutgers University Weather…

Applications · Statistics 2023-08-31 Feng Ye , Joseph Brodie , Travis Miles , Ahmed Aziz Ezzat

Artificial intelligence has advanced global weather forecasting, outperforming traditional numerical models in both accuracy and computational efficiency. Nevertheless, extending predictions beyond subseasonal timescales requires the…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2025-08-18 Jeong-Hwan Kim , Daehyun Kang , Young-Min Yang , Jae-Heung Park , Yoo-Geun Ham

The mass loss of the polar ice sheets contributes considerably to ongoing sea-level rise and changing ocean circulation, leading to coastal flooding and risking the homes and livelihoods of tens of millions of people globally. To address…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-01 Zesheng Liu , YoungHyun Koo , Maryam Rahnemoonfar

Data-driven machine learning (ML) models are reshaping weather forecasting and have shown the potential to accelerate and surpass traditional physics-based approaches, leading to a second revolution in the field after data assimilation.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Hang Fan , Yi Xiao , Yongquan Qu , Juan Nathaniel , Fenghua Ling , Ben Fei , Lei Bai , Pierre Gentine