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Safety-aligned Large Language Models (LLMs) still show two dominant failure modes: they are easily jailbroken, or they over-refuse harmless inputs that contain sensitive surface signals. We trace both to a common cause: current models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Rui Wu , Yihao Quan , Zeru Shi , Zhenting Wang , Yanshu Li , Ruixiang Tang

Despite the remarkable proficiency of \textit{Large Reasoning Models} (LRMs) in handling complex reasoning tasks, their reliability in safety-critical scenarios remains uncertain. Existing evaluations primarily assess response-level safety,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Baihui Zheng , Boren Zheng , Kerui Cao , Yingshui Tan , Zhendong Liu , Weixun Wang , Jiaheng Liu , Jian Yang , Wenbo Su , Xiaoyong Zhu , Bo Zheng , Kaifu Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly applied in various real-world scenarios due to their excellent generalization capabilities and robust generative abilities. However, they exhibit position bias, also known as "lost in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Yijiong Yu , Huiqiang Jiang , Xufang Luo , Qianhui Wu , Chin-Yew Lin , Dongsheng Li , Yuqing Yang , Yongfeng Huang , Lili Qiu

Can large language models introspect, that is, accurately detect perturbations to their own internal states? We systematically investigate this question using activation steering in Meta-Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct. First, we show that the binary…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Ely Hahami , Ishaan Sinha , Lavik Jain , Josh Kaplan , Jon Hahami

Gradient saliency from deep sequence models surfaces candidate biomarkers efficiently, but the resulting gene lists can be contaminated by tissue-composition confounders that degrade downstream classifiers. We study whether LLM…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2026-04-20 Pushpa Kumar Balan , Aijing Feng

Although large language models (LLMs) have transformed AI, they still make mistakes and can explore unproductive reasoning paths. Self-correction capability is essential for deploying LLMs in safety-critical applications. We uncover a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Ken Tsui

Investigating bias in large language models (LLMs) is crucial for developing trustworthy AI. While prompt-based through prompt engineering is common, its effectiveness relies on the assumption that models inherently understand biases. Our…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Xinyi Yang , Runzhe Zhan , Derek F. Wong , Shu Yang , Junchao Wu , Lidia S. Chao

Large language models (LLMs) require alignment to effectively and safely follow user instructions. This process necessitates training an aligned version for every base model, resulting in significant computational overhead. In this work, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Yu Fei , Yasaman Razeghi , Sameer Singh

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate exceptional performance on general-purpose tasks. however, transferring them to complex engineering domains such as space situational awareness (SSA) remains challenging owing to insufficient…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Ding Linghu , Cheng Wang , Da Fan , Wei Shi , Kaifeng Yin , Xiaoliang Xue , Fan Yang , Haiyi Ren , Cong Zhang

The prevailing technical literature in AI Safety interprets scheming and sandbagging behaviors in large language models (LLMs) as indicators of deceptive agency or hidden objectives. This transdisciplinary philosophical essay proposes an…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Mariana Lins Costa

Small instruct-tuned LLMs produce degenerate verbal confidence under minimal elicitation: ceiling rates above 95%, near-chance Type-2 AUROC, and Invalid validity profiles. We test whether confidence-conditioned supervised fine-tuning (CSFT)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Jon-Paul Cacioli

We examine two properties of AI systems: capability (what a system can do) and steerability (how reliably one can shift behavior toward intended outcomes). A central question is whether capability growth reduces steerability and risks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Jakub Hoscilowicz

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in security-sensitive applications, where they must follow system- or developer-specified instructions that define the intended task behavior, while completing benign user requests.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Shawn Li , Chenxiao Yu , Zhiyu Ni , Hao Li , Charith Peris , Chaowei Xiao , Yue Zhao

Safety fine-tuning of language models typically requires a curated adversarial dataset. We take a different approach: score each candidate prompt's difficulty by how often the target model's own rollouts are judged harmful, then fine-tune…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Prakhar Gupta , Garv Shah , Donghua Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) are rapidly being adopted across various domains. However, their adoption in banking industry faces resistance due to demands for high accuracy, regulatory compliance, and the need for verifiable and grounded…

Detecting social bias in text is challenging due to nuance, subjectivity, and difficulty in obtaining good quality labeled datasets at scale, especially given the evolving nature of social biases and society. To address these challenges, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-19 Shrimai Prabhumoye , Rafal Kocielnik , Mohammad Shoeybi , Anima Anandkumar , Bryan Catanzaro

We draw inspiration from microsaccades, tiny involuntary eye movements that reveal hidden dynamics of human perception, to propose an analogous probing method for large language models (LLMs). Just as microsaccades expose subtle but…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Rui Melo , Rui Abreu , Corina S. Pasareanu

Large Language Models are increasingly proposed as cognitive components for robotic systems, yet their opaque decision processes make it difficult to explain success or failure in closed-loop embodied tasks. Following an empirical AI…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Oussama Zenkri , Oliver Brock

Large Language Models (LLMs) often suffer from overconfidence during inference, particularly when adapted to downstream domain-specific tasks with limited data. Previous work addresses this issue by employing approximate Bayesian estimation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Yibin Wang , Haizhou Shi , Ligong Han , Dimitris Metaxas , Hao Wang

As the breadth and depth of language model applications continue to expand rapidly, it is increasingly important to build efficient frameworks for measuring and mitigating the learned or inherited social biases of these models. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-21 Omkar Dige , Jacob-Junqi Tian , David Emerson , Faiza Khan Khattak