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Related papers: What Makes Good Instruction-Tuning Data? An In-Con…

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A critical aspect of analyzing and improving modern machine learning systems lies in understanding how individual training examples influence a model's predictive behavior. Estimating this influence enables critical applications, including…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Narine Kokhlikyan , Kamalika Chaudhuri , Saeed Mahloujifar

Data quality and diversity are key to the construction of effective instruction-tuning datasets. % With the increasing availability of open-source instruction-tuning datasets, it is advantageous to automatically select high-quality and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Yicheng Chen , Yining Li , Kai Hu , Zerun Ma , Haochen Ye , Kai Chen

Adhering to explicit length constraints, such as generating text with a precise word count, remains a significant challenge for Large Language Models (LLMs). This study aims at investigating the differences between foundation models and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Elisabetta Rocchetti , Alfio Ferrara

Identification of input data points relevant for the classifier (i.e. serve as the support vector) has recently spurred the interest of researchers for both interpretability as well as dataset debugging. This paper presents an in-depth…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-30 Dominique Mercier , Shoaib Ahmed Siddiqui , Andreas Dengel , Sheraz Ahmed

In recent years, instruction tuning has gained increasing attention and emerged as a crucial technique to enhance the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). To construct high-quality instruction datasets, many instruction processing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Yixin Ou , Ningyu Zhang , Honghao Gui , Ziwen Xu , Shuofei Qiao , Yida Xue , Runnan Fang , Kangwei Liu , Lei Li , Zhen Bi , Guozhou Zheng , Huajun Chen

Both humans and machines learn the meaning of unknown words through contextual information in a sentence, but not all contexts are equally helpful for learning. We introduce an effective method for capturing the level of contextual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-10 Sungjin Nam , David Jurgens , Gwen Frishkoff , Kevyn Collins-Thompson

In-context system identification aims at constructing meta-models to describe classes of systems, differently from traditional approaches that model single systems. This paradigm facilitates the leveraging of knowledge acquired from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-08 Dario Piga , Filippo Pura , Marco Forgione

Instruction tuning for large language models (LLMs) has gained attention from researchers due to its ability to unlock the potential of LLMs in following instructions. While instruction tuning offers advantages for facilitating the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-17 Hao Chen , Yiming Zhang , Qi Zhang , Hantao Yang , Xiaomeng Hu , Xuetao Ma , Yifan Yanggong , Junbo Zhao

Instruction tuning improves the ability of large language models (LLMs) to follow diverse human instructions, but achieving strong performance on specific target tasks remains challenging. A critical bottleneck is selecting the most…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Da Ma , Gonghu Shang , Zhi Chen , Libo Qin , Yijie Luo , Lei Pan , Shuai Fan , Lu Chen , Kai Yu

Fine-tuning and in-context learning (ICL) are two prevalent methods in imbuing large language models with task-specific knowledge. It is commonly believed that fine-tuning can surpass ICL given sufficient training samples as it allows the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Qingyu Yin , Xuzheng He , Luoao Deng , Chak Tou Leong , Fan Wang , Yanzhao Yan , Xiaoyu Shen , Qiang Zhang

Large language models leverage both parametric knowledge acquired during pretraining and in-context knowledge provided at inference time. Crucially, when these sources conflict, models arbitrate based on their internal confidence,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Minsung Kim , Dong-Kyum Kim , Jea Kwon , Nakyeong Yang , Kyomin Jung , Meeyoung Cha

In the Mixup training paradigm, a model is trained using convex combinations of data points and their associated labels. Despite seeing very few true data points during training, models trained using Mixup seem to still minimize the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-22 Muthu Chidambaram , Xiang Wang , Yuzheng Hu , Chenwei Wu , Rong Ge

In-context learning (ICL) of large language models (LLMs) has attracted increasing attention in the community where LLMs make predictions only based on instructions augmented with a few examples. Existing example selection methods for ICL…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-26 Haowei Du , Dongyan Zhao

We study the problem of designing optimal learning and decision-making formulations when only historical data is available. Prior work typically commits to a particular class of data-driven formulation and subsequently tries to establish…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-03-13 Amine Bennouna , Bart P. G. Van Parys

In machine learning, the one-class classification problem occurs when training instances are only available from one class. It has been observed that making use of this class's structure, or its different contexts, may improve one-class…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-10 Richard Hugh Moulton , Herna L. Viktor , Nathalie Japkowicz , João Gama

The great success of deep learning heavily relies on increasingly larger training data, which comes at a price of huge computational and infrastructural costs. This poses crucial questions that, do all training data contribute to model's…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-28 Shuo Yang , Zeke Xie , Hanyu Peng , Min Xu , Mingming Sun , Ping Li

Pretext-based self-supervised learning learns the semantic representation via a handcrafted pretext task over unlabeled data and then uses the learned representation for downstream tasks, which effectively reduces the sample complexity of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-24 Jiaye Teng , Weiran Huang , Haowei He

We measure the performance of in-context learning as a function of task novelty and difficulty for open and closed questions. For that purpose, we created a novel benchmark consisting of hard scientific questions, each paired with a context…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Xiang Li , Haoran Tang , Siyu Chen , Ziwei Wang , Ryan Chen , Marcin Abram

Recent work shows that post-training datasets for LLMs can be substantially downsampled without noticeably deteriorating performance. However, data selection often incurs high computational costs or is limited to narrow domains. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Paramita Mirza , Lucas Weber , Fabian Küch

In-context learning (ICL) enables large language models to perform few-shot learning by conditioning on labeled examples in the prompt. Despite its flexibility, ICL suffers from instability -- especially as prompt length increases with more…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Josip Jukić , Jan Šnajder