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AI agent protocols -- including MCP, A2A, ANP, and ACP -- enable autonomous agents to discover capabilities, delegate tasks, and compose services across trust boundaries. Despite massive deployment (MCP alone has 97M+ monthly SDK…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Shenghan Zheng , Qifan Zhang

This article, a lightly adapted version of Perplexity's response to NIST/CAISI Request for Information 2025-0035, details our observations and recommendations concerning the security of frontier AI agents. These insights are informed by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Ninghui Li , Kaiyuan Zhang , Kyle Polley , Jerry Ma

Modern AI agents routinely depend on secrets such as API keys and SSH credentials, yet the dominant deployment model still exposes those secrets directly to the agent process through environment variables, local files, or forwarding…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Shutong Jin , Ruiyi Guo , Ray C. C. Cheung

Agentic large language model systems increasingly automate tasks by retrieving URLs and calling external tools. We show that this workflow gives rise to implicit prompt injection: adversarial instructions embedded in automatically generated…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Qianlong Lan , Anuj Kaul , Shaun Jones , Stephanie Westrum

As large language model (LLM) agents are deployed in high-stakes environments, the question of how safely to delegate subtasks to specialized sub-agents becomes critical. Existing work addresses multi-agent architecture selection at design…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Yuan Sun

Modern language models have enabled the development of agentic systems that achieve strong performance on reasoning-intensive tasks. Unfortunately, this has come with a security cost; these systems are vulnerable to prompt injection, a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Dennis Jacob , Emad Alghamdi , Zhanhao Hu , Basel Alomair , David Wagner

AI agents are increasingly expected to operate as digital employees: accessing enterprise data, making decisions, and taking actions autonomously. But agents are simultaneously less predictable than humans -- prone to hallucination,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Tyler Akidau , Tyler Rockwood , Johannes Brüderl , Marc Millstone

Third-party skills are becoming the package ecosystem for LLM agents. They package natural-language instructions, helper scripts, templates, documents, and service configuration into reusable workflows. This makes skills useful, but it also…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Haomin Zhuang , Hanwen Xing , Yujun Zhou , Yuchen Ma , Yue Huang , Yili Shen , Yufei Han , Xiangliang Zhang

As AI agents increasingly perform economic tasks on behalf of humans, a fundamental tension arises between agent autonomy and human control over financial assets. We present the Agent Economic Sovereignty Protocol (AESP), a layered protocol…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Jian Sheng Wang

Agentic AI systems built around large language models (LLMs) are moving away from closed, single-model frameworks and toward open ecosystems that connect a variety of agents, external tools, and resources. The Model Context Protocol (MCP)…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Xinyi Hou , Shenao Wang , Yifan Zhang , Ziluo Xue , Yanjie Zhao , Cai Fu , Haoyu Wang

Autonomous large language model (LLM) agents such as OpenClaw are pushing agentic commerce from human-supervised assistance toward machine actors that can negotiate, purchase services, manage digital assets, and execute transactions across…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Qian'ang Mao , Jiaxin Wang , Ya Liu , Li Zhu , Cong Ma , Jiaqi Yan

In today's digital world, casual user-generated content often contains subtle cues that may inadvertently expose sensitive personal attributes. Such risks underscore the growing importance of effective text anonymization to safeguard…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Chenyang Shao , Tianxing Li , Chenhao Pu , Fengli Xu , Yong Li

In recent years, agentic artificial intelligence (AI) systems are becoming increasingly widespread. These systems allow agents to use various tools, such as web browsers, compilers, and more. However, despite their popularity, agentic AI…

The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) and other similar protocols send the application data from the source machine to the destination machine inside segments, without foreseeing nor allowing for any type of control on the transmission or…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2020-07-02 Fábio Machado Gil , Nuno M. Garcia , Bárbara Matos , Nuno Pombo , Rossitza Goleva , Ciprian Dobre

Ensuring the privacy of sensitive training data is crucial in privacy-preserving machine learning. However, in practical scenarios, privacy protection may be required for only a subset of features. For instance, in ICU data, demographic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Linghui Zeng , Ruixuan Liu , Atiquer Rahman Sarkar , Xiaoqian Jiang , Joyce C. Ho , Li Xiong

User models in information retrieval rest on a foundational assumption that observed behavior reveals intent. This assumption collapses when the user is an AI agent privately configured by a human operator. For any action an agent takes, a…

Many existing privacy-enhanced speech emotion recognition (SER) frameworks focus on perturbing the original speech data through adversarial training within a centralized machine learning setup. However, this privacy protection scheme can…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-04-18 Tiantian Feng , Raghuveer Peri , Shrikanth Narayanan

Large language model (LLM) agents increasingly issue API calls that mutate real systems, yet many current architectures pass stochastic model outputs directly to execution layers. We argue that this coupling creates a safety risk because…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Jun He , Deying Yu

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) standardizes how AI agents discover and invoke external tools, with over 10,000 active servers and 97 million monthly SDK downloads as of early 2026. Yet MCP does not yet standardize how agents safely…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Vasundra Srinivasan

Agentic computing systems, while immensely capable, raise serious security, privacy, and safety concerns. A key issue is that the full set of functionalities offered by these systems, combined with their probabilistic execution flows, is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Rohan Sequeira , Stavros Damianakis , Umar Iqbal , Konstantinos Psounis