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This study systematically reviews the transformative role of Tutoring Systems, encompassing Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) and Robot Tutoring Systems (RTS), in addressing global educational challenges through advanced technologies. As…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Vincent Liu , Ehsan Latif , Xiaoming Zhai

In recent years, the main problem in e-learning has shifted from analyzing content to personalization of learning environment by Intelligence Tutoring Systems (ITSs). Therefore, by designing personalized teaching models, learners are able…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-11-30 Mahdi Pourmirzaei , Gholam Ali Montazer , Ebrahim Mousavi

Intelligent tutoring systems leverage AI models of expert learning and student knowledge to deliver personalized tutoring to students. While these intelligent tutors have demonstrated improved student learning outcomes, it is still unclear…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-04-22 Grace Guo , Aishwarya Mudgal Sunil Kumar , Adit Gupta , Adam Coscia , Chris MacLellan , Alex Endert

LLM-based tutors are typically single-turn assistants that lack persistent representations of learner knowledge, making it difficult to provide principled, transparent, and long-term pedagogical support. We introduce IntelliCode, a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Jones David , Shreya Ghosh

AI-assisted learning has seen a remarkable uptick over the last few years, mainly due to the rise in popularity of Large Language Models (LLMs). Their ability to hold long-form, natural language interactions with users makes them excellent…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Prashanth Arun , Vinita Vader , Erya Xu , Brent McCready-Branch , Sarah Seabrook , Kyle Scholz , Ana Crisan , Igor Grossmann , Pascal Poupart

We investigate how automated, data-driven, personalized feedback in a large-scale intelligent tutoring system (ITS) improves student learning outcomes. We propose a machine learning approach to generate personalized feedback, which takes…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-11 Ekaterina Kochmar , Dung Do Vu , Robert Belfer , Varun Gupta , Iulian Vlad Serban , Joelle Pineau

Intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) using artificial intelligence (AI) technology have shown promise in supporting learners with diverse abilities. Large language models (LLMs) provide new opportunities to incorporate personas to AI-based…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Haocong Cheng , Si Chen , Christopher Perdriau , Shriya Mokkapati , Yun Huang

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated the ability to generate formative feedback and instructional hints in English, making them increasingly relevant for AI-assisted education. However, their ability to provide effective…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Junior Cedric Tonga , KV Aditya Srivatsa , Kaushal Kumar Maurya , Fajri Koto , Ekaterina Kochmar

While large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable versatility across a wide range of general tasks, their effectiveness often diminishes in domain-specific applications due to inherent knowledge gaps. Moreover, their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Hanzhi Yan , Qin Lu , Xianqiao Wang , Xiaoming Zhai , Tianming Liu , He Li

The emergence of generative AI has accelerated the development of conversational tutoring systems that interact with students through natural language dialogue. Unlike prior intelligent tutoring systems (ITS), which largely function as…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Kirk Vanacore , Ryan S. Baker , Avery H. Closser , Jeremy Roschelle

Interactive Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITSs) enhance traditional ITSs by promoting effective learning through interactions and problem resolution in online education. Yet, proactive engagement, prioritizing resource optimization with…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Yang Deng , Zifeng Ren , An Zhang , Tat-Seng Chua

Teaching assistants (TAs) are essential to grading and feedback provision in proof-based courses, yet these tasks are time-intensive and difficult to scale. Although Large Language Models (LLMs) have been studied for grading and feedback,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Romina Mahinpei , Sofiia Druchyna , Manoel Horta Ribeiro

Adaptive Traffic Signal Control (ATSC) aims to optimize traffic flow and minimize delays by adjusting traffic lights in real time. Recent advances in Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) have shown promise for ATSC, yet existing…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Yifeng Zhang , Peizhuo Li , Tingguang Zhou , Mingfeng Fan , Guillaume Sartoretti

Spreadsheets are one of the most widely used tools for end users. As a result, spreadsheets such as Excel are now included in many curricula. However, digital solutions for assessing spreadsheet assignments are still scarce in the teaching…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Sören Aguirre Reid , Frank Kammer , Jonas-Ian Kuche , Pia-Doreen Ritzke , Markus Siepermann , Max Stephan , Armin Wagenknecht

The advent of Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITSs) has marked a paradigm shift in education, enabling highly personalized learning pathways. However, true personalization requires adapting to learners' complex knowledge states (multi-source)…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Biqing Zeng , Mengquan Liu , Zongwei Zhen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have a great potential to serve as readily available and cost-efficient Conversational Intelligent Tutoring Systems (CITS) for teaching L2 learners of English. Existing CITS, however, are designed to teach only…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Soonwoo Kwon , Sojung Kim , Minju Park , Seunghyun Lee , Kyuseok Kim

This paper provides interested beginners with an updated and detailed introduction to the field of Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS). ITSs are computer programs that use artificial intelligence techniques to enhance and personalize…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2018-12-27 Ali Alkhatlan , Jugal Kalita

We explore creating automated, personalized feedback in an intelligent tutoring system (ITS). Our goal is to pinpoint correct and incorrect concepts in student answers in order to achieve better student learning gains. Although automatic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-16 Matt Grenander , Robert Belfer , Ekaterina Kochmar , Iulian V. Serban , François St-Hilaire , Jackie C. K. Cheung

We present Korbit, a large-scale, open-domain, mixed-interface, dialogue-based intelligent tutoring system (ITS). Korbit uses machine learning, natural language processing and reinforcement learning to provide interactive, personalized…

Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITSs) often contain an automated feedback component, which provides a predefined feedback message to students when they detect a predefined error. To such a feedback component, we often resort to template-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-10 Hunter McNichols , Jaewook Lee , Stephen Fancsali , Steve Ritter , Andrew Lan