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Large language models (LLMs) have evolved AI assistants into autonomous reasoning engines that maintain context, invoke tools, and pursue long-horizon tasks. This has spurred Agent Operating Systems (Agent OS) as kernel-like layers for…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Heyuan Huang , Yeyi Guan , Jihong Wang , Mingzhi Wang , Jiamu Zhou , Xiangmou Qu , Jiaxin Yin , Xin Liao , Xingyu Lou , Jun Wang

LLM-based agents are increasingly expected to handle real-world assistant tasks, yet existing benchmarks typically evaluate them under isolated sources of difficulty, such as a single environment or fully specified instructions. This leaves…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Xiang Long , Li Du , Yilong Xu , Fangcheng Liu , Haoqing Wang , Ning Ding , Ziheng Li , Jianyuan Guo , Yehui Tang

Image generation models have evolved from text-conditioned pixel synthesis toward multimodal agents endowed with visual comprehension and tool invocation capabilities. Yet, existing agents remain at the mercy of underlying black-box image…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Junyan Ye , Jun He , Zilong Huang , Dongzhi Jiang , Xuan Yang , Rui Chen , Weijia Li

AI agent frameworks connecting large language model (LLM) reasoning to host execution surfaces -- shell, filesystem, containers, and messaging -- introduce security challenges structurally distinct from conventional software. We present a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Surada Suwansathit , Yuxuan Zhang , Guofei Gu

Claw-style environments support multi-step workflows over local files, tools, and persistent workspace states. However, scalable development around these environments remains constrained by the absence of a systematic framework, especially…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Fei Bai , Huatong Song , Shuang Sun , Daixuan Cheng , Yike Yang , Chuan Hao , Renyuan Li , Feng Chang , Yuan Wei , Ran Tao , Bryan Dai , Jian Yang , Wayne Xin Zhao , Ji-Rong Wen

Neuromorphic computing shows promise for advancing computing efficiency and capabilities of AI applications using brain-inspired principles. However, the neuromorphic research field currently lacks standardized benchmarks, making it…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-16 Jason Yik , Korneel Van den Berghe , Douwe den Blanken , Younes Bouhadjar , Maxime Fabre , Paul Hueber , Weijie Ke , Mina A Khoei , Denis Kleyko , Noah Pacik-Nelson , Alessandro Pierro , Philipp Stratmann , Pao-Sheng Vincent Sun , Guangzhi Tang , Shenqi Wang , Biyan Zhou , Soikat Hasan Ahmed , George Vathakkattil Joseph , Benedetto Leto , Aurora Micheli , Anurag Kumar Mishra , Gregor Lenz , Tao Sun , Zergham Ahmed , Mahmoud Akl , Brian Anderson , Andreas G. Andreou , Chiara Bartolozzi , Arindam Basu , Petrut Bogdan , Sander Bohte , Sonia Buckley , Gert Cauwenberghs , Elisabetta Chicca , Federico Corradi , Guido de Croon , Andreea Danielescu , Anurag Daram , Mike Davies , Yigit Demirag , Jason Eshraghian , Tobias Fischer , Jeremy Forest , Vittorio Fra , Steve Furber , P. Michael Furlong , William Gilpin , Aditya Gilra , Hector A. Gonzalez , Giacomo Indiveri , Siddharth Joshi , Vedant Karia , Lyes Khacef , James C. Knight , Laura Kriener , Rajkumar Kubendran , Dhireesha Kudithipudi , Shih-Chii Liu , Yao-Hong Liu , Haoyuan Ma , Rajit Manohar , Josep Maria Margarit-Taulé , Christian Mayr , Konstantinos Michmizos , Dylan R. Muir , Emre Neftci , Thomas Nowotny , Fabrizio Ottati , Ayca Ozcelikkale , Priyadarshini Panda , Jongkil Park , Melika Payvand , Christian Pehle , Mihai A. Petrovici , Christoph Posch , Alpha Renner , Yulia Sandamirskaya , Clemens JS Schaefer , André van Schaik , Johannes Schemmel , Samuel Schmidgall , Catherine Schuman , Jae-sun Seo , Sadique Sheik , Sumit Bam Shrestha , Manolis Sifalakis , Amos Sironi , Kenneth Stewart , Matthew Stewart , Terrence C. Stewart , Jonathan Timcheck , Nergis Tömen , Gianvito Urgese , Marian Verhelst , Craig M. Vineyard , Bernhard Vogginger , Amirreza Yousefzadeh , Fatima Tuz Zohora , Charlotte Frenkel , Vijay Janapa Reddi

Large language model (LLM) agents extend generative models with reasoning, tool use, and persistent memory, thereby enabling the automation of complex tasks. In healthcare, such systems could support documentation, care coordination, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Wenxian Yang , Hanzheng Qiu , Bangqun Zhang , Chengquan Li , Zhiyong Huang , Xiaobin Feng , Rongshan Yu , Jiahong Dong

With AI agents increasingly deployed as long-running systems, it becomes essential to autonomously construct and continuously evolve customized software to enable interaction within dynamic environments. Yet, existing benchmarks evaluate…

The integration of large language models (LLMs) with embodied agents has improved high-level reasoning capabilities; however, a critical gap remains between semantic understanding and physical execution. While vision-language-action (VLA)…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Rongfeng Zhao , Xuanhao Zhang , Zhaochen Guo , Xiang Shao , Zhongpan Zhu , Bin He , Jie Chen

Most LLM-driven GIS assistants solve narrow single-step tasks tightly coupled to proprietary platforms such as ArcGIS or QGIS, limiting their use for the multi-step, cross-format pipelines that define professional geospatial analysis. We…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Jinzhen Han , JinByeong Lee , Yuri Shim , Jisung Kim , Jae-Joon Lee

Machine learning provides a valuable tool for analyzing high-dimensional functional neuroimaging data, and is proving effective in predicting various neurological conditions, psychiatric disorders, and cognitive patterns. In functional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-25 Anwar Said , Roza G. Bayrak , Tyler Derr , Mudassir Shabbir , Daniel Moyer , Catie Chang , Xenofon Koutsoukos

Leveraging multiple Large Language Models(LLMs) has proven effective for addressing complex, high-dimensional tasks, but current approaches often rely on static, manually engineered multi-agent configurations. To overcome these constraints,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Xiaowen Ma , Chenyang Lin , Yao Zhang , Volker Tresp , Yunpu Ma

LLM-powered multi-agent systems can now automate the full research pipeline from ideation to paper writing, but a fundamental question remains: automation for whom? Researchers operate under different resource configurations, hold different…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Jinhang Xu , Qiyuan Zhu , Yujun Wu , Zirui Wang , Dongxu Zhang , Marcia Tian , Yiling Duan , Siyuan Li , Jingxuan Wei , Sirui Han , Yike Guo , Odin Zhang , Conghui He , Cheng Tan

Large language model (LLM) agents such as OpenClaw rely on reusable skills to perform complex tasks, yet these skills remain largely static after deployment. As a result, similar workflows, tool usage patterns, and failure modes are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Ziyu Ma , Shidong Yang , Yuxiang Ji , Xucong Wang , Yong Wang , Yiming Hu , Tongwen Huang , Xiangxiang Chu

Evaluating large language models (LLM) in clinical scenarios is crucial to assessing their potential clinical utility. Existing benchmarks rely heavily on static question-answering, which does not accurately depict the complex, sequential…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Samuel Schmidgall , Rojin Ziaei , Carl Harris , Eduardo Reis , Jeffrey Jopling , Michael Moor

Current embodied intelligent systems still face a substantial gap between high-level reasoning and low-level physical execution in open-world environments. Although Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models provide strong perception and intuitive…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Dongjie Huo , Haoyun Liu , Guoqing Liu , Dekang Qi , Zhiming Sun , Maoguo Gao , Jianxin He , Yandan Yang , Xinyuan Chang , Feng Xiong , Xing Wei , Zhiheng Ma , Mu Xu

The rise of OpenClaw in early 2026 marks the moment when millions of users began deploying personal AI agents into their daily lives, delegating tasks ranging from travel planning to multi-step research. This scale of adoption signals that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Ningyan Zhu , Huacan Wang , Jie Zhou , Feiyu Chen , Shuo Zhang , Ge Chen , Chen Liu , Jiarou Wu , Wangyi Chen , Xiaofeng Mou , Yi Xu

Open agentic systems combine LLM-based planning with external capabilities, persistent memory, and privileged execution. They are used in coding assistants, browser copilots, and enterprise automation. OpenClaw is a visible instance of this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Shiping Chen , Qin Wang , Guangsheng Yu , Xu Wang , Liming Zhu

Tool-augmented AI agents substantially extend the practical capabilities of large language models, but they also introduce security risks that cannot be identified through model-only evaluation. In this paper, we present a systematic…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Yuhang Wang , Haichang Gao , Zhenxing Niu , Zhaoxiang Liu , Wenjing Zhang , Xiang Wang , Shiguo Lian

We present DeepClaw as a reconfigurable benchmark of robotic hardware and task hierarchy for robot learning. The DeepClaw benchmark aims at a mechatronics perspective of the robot learning problem, which features a minimum design of robot…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-05-07 Fang Wan , Haokun Wang , Xiaobo Liu , Linhan Yang , Chaoyang Song