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The progress of Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT raises the question of how they can be integrated into education. One hope is that they can support mathematics learning, including word-problem solving. Since LLMs can handle…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Anselm R. Strohmaier , Wim Van Dooren , Kathrin Seßler , Brian Greer , Lieven Verschaffel

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have led to significant progress in robotics, enabling embodied agents to better understand and execute open-ended tasks. However, existing approaches using LLMs face limitations in grounding…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Émiland Garrabé , Pierre Teixeira , Mahdi Khoramshahi , Stéphane Doncieux

The power of large language models (LLMs) has been demonstrated through numerous data and computing resources. However, the application of language models on mobile devices is facing huge challenge on the computation and memory costs, that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Yehui Tang , Kai Han , Fangcheng Liu , Yunsheng Ni , Yuchuan Tian , Zheyuan Bai , Yi-Qi Hu , Sichao Liu , Shangling Jui , Yunhe Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are becoming key components in various mobile operating systems, driving smart applications like interactive chatbots and personal assistants. While bringing enhanced intelligence to mobile ends, their…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Genglin Wang , Liekang Zeng , Bufang Yang , Kaiwei Liu , Guoliang Xing , Chumin Sun , Li Zhou , Jie Sun , Zhenyu Yan

Mobile and wearable healthcare monitoring play a vital role in facilitating timely interventions, managing chronic health conditions, and ultimately improving individuals' quality of life. Previous studies on large language models (LLMs)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Xin Wang , Ting Dang , Xinyu Zhang , Vassilis Kostakos , Michael J. Witbrock , Hong Jia

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate capabilities in code generation, potentially boosting developer productivity. However, their adoption remains limited by high computational costs, among other factors. Small Language Models (SLMs)…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Débora Souza , Rohit Gheyi , Lucas Albuquerque , Gustavo Soares , Márcio Ribeiro

Large Language Models (LLMs) deliver powerful AI capabilities but face deployment challenges due to high resource costs and latency, whereas Small Language Models (SLMs) offer efficiency and deployability at the cost of reduced performance.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Yi Chen , JiaHao Zhao , HaoHao Han

Rapid advancements in large language models (LLMs) have increased interest in deploying them on mobile devices for on-device AI applications. Mobile users interact differently with LLMs compared to desktop users, creating unique…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Sondos Mahmoud Bsharat , Mukul Ranjan , Aidar Myrzakhan , Jiacheng Liu , Bowei Guo , Shengkun Tang , Zhuang Liu , Yuanzhi Li , Zhiqiang Shen

Large language models (LLMs) have empowered intelligent agents to execute intricate tasks within domain-specific software such as browsers and games. However, when applied to general-purpose software systems like operating systems, LLM…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-12 Mingzhe Xing , Rongkai Zhang , Hui Xue , Qi Chen , Fan Yang , Zhen Xiao

Large language models (LLMs) provide robots with powerful contextual reasoning abilities and a natural human interface. Yet, current LLM-enabled robots typically depend on cloud-hosted models, limiting their usability in environments with…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained attention for addressing coding problems, but their effectiveness in fixing code maintainability remains unclear. This study evaluates LLMs capability to resolve 127 maintainability issues from 10…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Henrique Nunes , Eduardo Figueiredo , Larissa Rocha , Sarah Nadi , Fischer Ferreira , Geanderson Esteves

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities for text rewriting. Nonetheless, the large sizes of these models make them impractical for on-device inference, which would otherwise allow for enhanced privacy and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-24 Yun Zhu , Yinxiao Liu , Felix Stahlberg , Shankar Kumar , Yu-hui Chen , Liangchen Luo , Lei Shu , Renjie Liu , Jindong Chen , Lei Meng

This paper explores the feasibility and performance of on-device large language model (LLM) inference on various Apple iPhone models. Amidst the rapid evolution of generative AI, on-device LLMs offer solutions to privacy, security, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-02 Tolga Çöplü , Marc Loedi , Arto Bendiken , Mykhailo Makohin , Joshua J. Bouw , Stephen Cobb

Large Language Models (LLMs) are being used more and more for various coding tasks, including to help coders identify bugs and are a promising avenue to support coders in various tasks including vulnerability detection -- particularly given…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Ignacio Mariano Andreozzi Pofcher , Joshua Ellul

As foundation AI models continue to increase in size, an important question arises - is massive scale the only path forward? This survey of about 160 papers presents a family of Small Language Models (SLMs) in the 1 to 8 billion parameter…

Children can acquire language from less than 100 million words of input. Large language models are far less data-efficient: they typically require 3 or 4 orders of magnitude more data and still do not perform as well as humans on many…

The emergence of Small Language Models (SLMs) as privacy-preserving alternatives for sensitive applications raises a fundamental question about their inherent understanding capabilities compared to Large Language Models (LLMs). This paper…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Hong Jia , Shiya Fu , Feng Xia , Vassilis Kostakos , Ting Dang

In this paper, we present a very first study to investigate trust and ethical implications of on-device artificial intelligence (AI), focusing on small language models (SLMs) amenable for personal devices like smartphones. While on-device…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Kalyan Nakka , Jimmy Dani , Nitesh Saxena

Recently, large language models (LLMs) are extensively utilized to enhance development efficiency, leading to numerous benchmarks for evaluating their performance. However, these benchmarks predominantly focus on implementation, overlooking…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Xiao He , Ru Chen , Jialun Cao

The learnware paradigm offers a novel approach to machine learning by enabling users to reuse a set of well-trained models for tasks beyond the models' original purposes. It eliminates the need to build models from scratch, instead relying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Zhi-Hao Tan , Zi-Chen Zhao , Hao-Yu Shi , Xin-Yu Zhang , Peng Tan , Yang Yu , Zhi-Hua Zhou