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Data privacy concerns has made centralized training of data, which is scattered across silos, infeasible, leading to the need for collaborative learning frameworks. To address that, two prominent frameworks emerged, i.e., federated learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-07 Tianchen Zhou , Zhanyi Hu , Bingzhe Wu , Cen Chen

Fine-tuning is the process of adapting the pre-trained large language models (LLMs) for downstream tasks. Due to substantial parameters, fine-tuning LLMs on mobile devices demands considerable memory resources, and suffers from high…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-01-17 Songge Zhang , Guoliang Cheng , Xinyu Huang , Zuguang Li , Wen Wu , Lingyang Song , Xuemin Shen

Instruction tuning is a pivotal technique for aligning large language models (LLMs) with human intentions, safety constraints, and domain-specific requirements. This survey provides a comprehensive overview of the full pipeline,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Xudong Han , Junjie Yang , Tianyang Wang , Ziqian Bi , Xinyuan Song , Junfeng Hao , Junhao Song

Fine-tuning pre-trained large language models (LLMs) in a distributed manner poses significant challenges on resource-constrained edge networks. To address this challenge, we propose SflLLM, a novel framework that integrates split federated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Kai Zhao , Zhaohui Yang , Ye Hu , Mingzhe Chen , Chen Zhu , Zhaoyang Zhang

Split learning (SL) has emerged as a promising approach for model training without revealing the raw data samples from the data owners. However, traditional SL inevitably leaks label privacy as the tail model (with the last layers) should…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Song Lyu , Zheng Lin , Guanqiao Qu , Xianhao Chen , Xiaoxia Huang , Pan Li

With the widespread application of large language models (LLMs), user privacy protection has become a significant research topic. Existing privacy preference modeling methods often rely on large-scale user data, making effective privacy…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Haowei Yang , Qingyi Lu , Yang Wang , Sibei Liu , Jiayun Zheng , Ao Xiang

Recently, large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable breakthroughs, revolutionizing the natural language processing domain and beyond. Due to immense parameter sizes, fine-tuning these models with private data for diverse…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Zheng Lin , Yuxin Zhang , Zhe Chen , Zihan Fang , Xianhao Chen , Praneeth Vepakomma , Wei Ni , Jun Luo , Yue Gao

In this paper, we address the problem of privacy-preserving distributed learning and the evaluation of machine-learning models by analyzing it in the widespread MapReduce abstraction that we extend with privacy constraints. We design…

As Large Language Models (LLMs) gain great success in real-world applications, an increasing number of users are seeking to develop and deploy their customized LLMs through cloud services. Nonetheless, in some specific domains, there are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-13 Zhiyu Chen , Yu Li , Suochao Zhang , Jingbo Zhou , Jiwen Zhou , Chenfu Bao , Dianhai Yu

This paper proposes a novel split learning framework with multiple end-systems in order to realize privacypreserving deep neural network computation. In conventional split learning frameworks, deep neural network computation is separated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-16 Joongheon Kim , Seunghoon Park , Soyi Jung , Seehwan Yoo

Large Language Models (LLMs) are distinguished by their architecture, which dictates their parameter size and performance capabilities. Social scientists have increasingly adopted LLMs for text classification tasks, which are difficult to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Marcello Carammia , Stefano Maria Iacus , Giuseppe Porro

Large language models (LLMs) have shown great capabilities in various tasks but also exhibited memorization of training data, raising tremendous privacy and copyright concerns. While prior works have studied memorization during…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-26 Shenglai Zeng , Yaxin Li , Jie Ren , Yiding Liu , Han Xu , Pengfei He , Yue Xing , Shuaiqiang Wang , Jiliang Tang , Dawei Yin

To enhance the performance of large language models (LLM) on downstream tasks, one solution is to fine-tune certain LLM parameters and make it better align with the characteristics of the training dataset. This process is commonly known as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Chao Gao , Sai Qian Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, LLaMA, GLM, and PaLM, have exhibited remarkable performances across various tasks in recent years. However, LLMs face two main challenges in real-world applications. One challenge is that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Tao Fan , Yan Kang , Guoqiang Ma , Weijing Chen , Wenbin Wei , Lixin Fan , Qiang Yang

Split learning (SL) aims to protect user data privacy by distributing deep models between client-server and keeping private data locally. In SL training with multiple clients, the local model weights are shared among the clients for local…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Ngoc Duy Pham , Tran Khoa Phan , Alsharif Abuadbba , Yansong Gao , Doan Nguyen , Naveen Chilamkurti

We propose a novel end-to-end privacy-preserving framework, instantiated by three efficient protocols for different deployment scenarios, covering both input and output privacy, for the vertically split scenario in federated learning (FL),…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Shan Jin , Sai Rahul Rachuri , Yizhen Wang , Anderson C. A. Nascimento , Yiwei Cai

Large Language Models (LLMs) are often fine-tuned to adapt their general-purpose knowledge to specific tasks and domains such as cyber threat intelligence (CTI). Fine-tuning is mostly done through proprietary datasets that may contain…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Shashie Dilhara Batan Arachchige , Benjamin Zi Hao Zhao , Hassan Jameel Asghar , Dinusha Vatsalan , Dali Kaafar

Scaling laws have emerged as important components of large language model (LLM) training as they can predict performance gains through scale, and provide guidance on important hyper-parameter choices that would otherwise be expensive. LLMs…

The proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) has driven considerable interest in fine-tuning them with domain-specific data to create specialized language models. Nevertheless, such domain-specific fine-tuning data often contains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Yijia Xiao , Yiqiao Jin , Yushi Bai , Yue Wu , Xianjun Yang , Xiao Luo , Wenchao Yu , Xujiang Zhao , Yanchi Liu , Quanquan Gu , Haifeng Chen , Wei Wang , Wei Cheng

This paper investigates supervised fine-tuning of large language models (LLMs) to improve their pedagogical alignment in computing education, addressing concerns that LLMs may hinder learning outcomes. The project utilised a proprietary…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Alexandra Vassar , Jake Renzella , Emily Ross , Andrew Taylor
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