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Theorem proving is a fundamental aspect of mathematics, spanning from informal reasoning in natural language to rigorous derivations in formal systems. In recent years, the advancement of deep learning, especially the emergence of large…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-23 Zhaoyu Li , Jialiang Sun , Logan Murphy , Qidong Su , Zenan Li , Xian Zhang , Kaiyu Yang , Xujie Si

Pre-trained Large Language Models (LLMs) are beginning to dominate the discourse around automatic code generation with natural language specifications. In contrast, the best-performing synthesizers in the domain of formal synthesis with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Yixuan Li , Julian Parsert , Elizabeth Polgreen

Theorem proving serves as a major testbed for evaluating complex reasoning abilities in large language models (LLMs). However, traditional automated theorem proving (ATP) approaches rely heavily on formal proof systems that poorly align…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Ziyin Zhang , Jiahao Xu , Zhiwei He , Tian Liang , Qiuzhi Liu , Yansi Li , Linfeng Song , Zhenwen Liang , Zhuosheng Zhang , Rui Wang , Zhaopeng Tu , Haitao Mi , Dong Yu

A fundamental challenge in formal theorem proving by LLMs is the lack of high-quality training data. Although reinforcement learning or expert iteration partially mitigates this issue by alternating between LLM generating proofs and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Kefan Dong , Tengyu Ma

This paper presents an approach to lemma synthesis to support advanced inductive entailment procedures based on separation logic. We first propose a mechanism where lemmas are automatically proven and systematically applied. The lemmas may…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2018-05-15 Quang Loc Le

Large language models (LLMs) offer significant potential to accelerate systematic literature reviews (SLRs), yet current approaches often rely on brittle, manually crafted prompts that compromise reliability and reproducibility. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Teo Susnjak

AI agents have shown initial promise in automating mathematical theorem proving in proof assistants such as Lean. The same proof assistants can be used to verify the correctness of code by pairing code with specifications and proofs that…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Evan Lohn , Sean Welleck

The field of geometric automated theorem provers has a long and rich history, from the early AI approaches of the 1960s, synthetic provers, to today algebraic and synthetic provers. The geometry automated deduction area differs from other…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-04-02 Nuno Baeta , Pedro Quaresma

When mathematicians present proofs they usually adapt their explanations to their didactic goals and to the (assumed) knowledge of their addressees. Modern automated theorem provers, in contrast, present proofs usually at a fixed level of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2009-05-26 Marvin Schiller , Christoph Benzmueller

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful tools in mathematical theorem proving, particularly when utilizing formal languages such as LEAN. A prevalent proof method involves the LLM prover iteratively constructing the proof…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Zijian Wu , Suozhi Huang , Zhejian Zhou , Huaiyuan Ying , Zheng Yuan , Wenwei Zhang , Dahua Lin , Kai Chen

Artificial intelligence assisted mathematical proof has become a highly focused area nowadays. One key problem in this field is to generate formal mathematical proofs from natural language proofs. Due to historical reasons, the formal proof…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Lihan Xie , Zhicheng Hui , Qinxiang Cao

A number of flexible tactic-based logical frameworks are nowadays available that can implement a wide range of mathematical theories using a common higher-order metalanguage. Used as proof assistants, one of the advantages of such powerful…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2010-03-26 João Marcos

Interactive proof assistants are computer programs carefully constructed to check a human-designed proof of a mathematical claim with high confidence in the implementation. However, this only validates truth of a formal claim, which may…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2022-05-17 Colin S. Gordon , Sergey Matskevich

Automated theorem proving has long been a key task of artificial intelligence. Proofs form the bedrock of rigorous scientific inquiry. Many tools for both partially and fully automating their derivations have been developed over the last…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-10-15 Brian Groenke

Theorem proving in natural mathematical language - the mixture of symbolic and natural language used by humans - plays a central role in mathematical advances and education, and tests aspects of reasoning that are core to intelligence. Yet…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-02 Sean Welleck , Jiacheng Liu , Ximing Lu , Hannaneh Hajishirzi , Yejin Choi

Humans can develop new theorems to explore broader and more complex mathematical results. While current generative language models (LMs) have achieved significant improvement in automatically proving theorems, their ability to generate new…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Xiaohan Lin , Qingxing Cao , Yinya Huang , Zhicheng Yang , Zhengying Liu , Zhenguo Li , Xiaodan Liang

We explore the application of transformer-based language models to automated theorem proving. This work is motivated by the possibility that a major limitation of automated theorem provers compared to humans -- the generation of original…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-09 Stanislas Polu , Ilya Sutskever

The geometry automated theorem proving area distinguishes itself by a large number of specific methods and implementations, different approaches (synthetic, algebraic, semi-synthetic) and different goals and applications (from research in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-03-02 Nuno Baeta , Pedro Quaresma , Zoltán Kovács

A key challenge in automated formal reasoning is the intractable search space, which grows exponentially with the depth of the proof. This branching is caused by the large number of candidate proof tactics which can be applied to a given…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Sean Lamont , Christian Walder , Amir Dezfouli , Paul Montague , Michael Norrish

One important approach to software verification is interactive theorem proving. However, writing formal proofs often requires substantial human effort, making proof automation highly important. Traditionally, proof automation has relied on…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Jian Fang , Yican Sun , Yingfei Xiong