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Indirect prompt injection attacks threaten AI agents that execute consequential actions, motivating deterministic system-level defenses. Such defenses can provably block unsafe actions by enforcing confidentiality and integrity policies,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Aashish Kolluri , Rishi Sharma , Manuel Costa , Boris Köpf , Tobias Nießen , Mark Russinovich , Shruti Tople , Santiago Zanella-Béguelin

Ensuring the security of complex system-on-chips (SoCs) designs is a critical imperative, yet traditional verification techniques struggle to keep pace due to significant challenges in automation, scalability, comprehensiveness, and…

The integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) into wearable sensing is creating a new class of mobile applications capable of nuanced human activity understanding. However, the reliability of these systems is critically undermined by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Yihan Wang , Huanqi Yang , Shantanu Pal , Weitao Xu

Multimodal agents built on large vision-language models (LVLMs) are increasingly deployed in open-world settings but remain highly vulnerable to prompt injection, especially through visual inputs. We introduce AgentTypo, a black-box…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Yanjie Li , Yiming Cao , Dong Wang , Bin Xiao

Compared to traditional models, agentic AI represents a highly valuable target for potential attackers as they possess privileged access to data sources and API tools, which are traditionally not incorporated into classical agents. Unlike a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Tom Pawelek , Raj Patel , Charlotte Crowell , Noorbakhsh Amiri , Sudip Mittal , Shahram Rahimi , Andy Perkins

Large language models (LLMs) have evolved from simple chatbots into autonomous agents capable of performing complex tasks such as editing production code, orchestrating workflows, and taking higher-stakes actions based on untrusted inputs…

AI agents are vulnerable to indirect prompt injection attacks, where malicious instructions embedded in external content or tool outputs cause unintended or harmful behavior. Inspired by the well-established concept of firewalls, we show…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Rishika Bhagwatkar , Kevin Kasa , Abhay Puri , Gabriel Huang , Irina Rish , Graham W. Taylor , Krishnamurthy Dj Dvijotham , Alexandre Lacoste

AI agents, powered by large language models (LLMs), have transformed human-computer interactions by enabling seamless, natural, and context-aware communication. While these advancements offer immense utility, they also inherit and amplify…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Xuying Li , Zhuo Li , Yuji Kosuga , Yasuhiro Yoshida , Victor Bian

Autonomous AI agents powered by large language models (LLMs) with structured function-calling interfaces enable real-time data retrieval, computation, and multi-step orchestration. However, the rapid growth of plugins, connectors, and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Mohamed Amine Ferrag , Norbert Tihanyi , Djallel Hamouda , Leandros Maglaras , Abderrahmane Lakas , Merouane Debbah

Large Language Model (LLM) agents show considerable promise for automating complex tasks using contextual reasoning; however, interactions involving multiple agents and the system's susceptibility to prompt injection and other forms of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Kaiyuan Zhang , Zian Su , Pin-Yu Chen , Elisa Bertino , Xiangyu Zhang , Ninghui Li

The rapid integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) into high-stakes domains necessitates reliable safety and compliance evaluation. However, existing static benchmarks are ill-equipped to address the dynamic nature of AI risks and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Yixu Wang , Xin Wang , Yang Yao , Xinyuan Li , Xibang Yang , Yan Teng , Xingjun Ma , Yingchun Wang

Large Language Model (LLM)-powered agents demonstrate strong capabilities in autonomous task execution, tool use, and multi-step reasoning. However, their increasing autonomy also introduces a new attack surface: adversarial interactions…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Sheldon Yu , Yingcheng Sun , Hanqing Guo , Julian McAuley , Qianqian Tong

Modern software infrastructure increasingly relies on LLM agents for development and maintenance, such as Claude Code and Gemini-cli. However, these AI agents differ fundamentally from traditional deterministic software, posing a…

Operating Systems · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Yusheng Zheng , Yanpeng Hu , Tong Yu , Andi Quinn

This paper presents a novel approach to evaluating the security of large language models (LLMs) against prompt leakage-the exposure of system-level prompts or proprietary configurations. We define prompt leakage as a critical threat to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Tvrtko Sternak , Davor Runje , Dorian Granoša , Chi Wang

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly being harnessed to automate cyberattacks, making sophisticated exploits more accessible and scalable. In response, we propose a new defense strategy tailored to counter LLM-driven cyberattacks.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Dario Pasquini , Evgenios M. Kornaropoulos , Giuseppe Ateniese

LLM agents process trusted instructions, retrieved records, and tool observations through a common generative channel. This conflates data flow with authority: an untrusted string can affect a secret-bearing response or an action proposal…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Faruk Alpay , Taylan Alpay

The rapid deployment of open-source frameworks has significantly advanced the development of modern multi-agent systems. However, expanded action spaces, including uncontrolled privilege exposure and hidden inter-system interactions, pose…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Wenhui Zhu , Xuanzhao Dong , Xiwen Chen , Rui Cai , Peijie Qiu , Zhipeng Wang , Oana Frunza , Shao Tang , Jindong Gu , Yalin Wang

The security of LLM-based multi-agent systems (MAS) is critically threatened by propagation vulnerability, where malicious agents can distort collective decision-making through inter-agent message interactions. While existing supervised…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Rui Miao , Yixin Liu , Yili Wang , Xu Shen , Yue Tan , Yiwei Dai , Shirui Pan , Xin Wang

Large language models have become increasingly prominent, also signaling a shift towards multimodality as the next frontier in artificial intelligence, where their embeddings are harnessed as prompts to generate textual content.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Jiachen Sun , Changsheng Wang , Jiongxiao Wang , Yiwei Zhang , Chaowei Xiao

The growing deployment of large language model (LLM) based agents that interact with external environments has created new attack surfaces for adversarial manipulation. One major threat is indirect prompt injection, where attackers embed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Hwan Chang , Yonghyun Jun , Hwanhee Lee