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As Large Language Models (LLMs) become integral to computing infrastructure, safety alignment serves as the primary security control preventing the generation of harmful payloads. However, this defense remains brittle. Existing jailbreak…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Mingrui Liu , Sixiao Zhang , Cheng Long , Kwok Yan Lam

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across diverse applications, however, they remain critically vulnerable to jailbreak attacks that elicit harmful responses violating human values and safety guidelines.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Zhaoqi Wang , Zijian Zhang , Daqing He , Pengtao Kou , Xin Li , Jiamou Liu , Jincheng An , Yong Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) face prominent security risks from jailbreaking, a practice that manipulates models to bypass built-in security constraints and generate unethical or unsafe content. Among various jailbreak techniques,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Yihao Zhang , Kai Wang , Jiangrong Wu , Haolin Wu , Yuxuan Zhou , Zeming Wei , Dongxian Wu , Xun Chen , Jun Sun , Meng Sun

Large language models have seen widespread adoption, yet they remain vulnerable to multi-turn jailbreak attacks, threatening their safe deployment. This has led to the task of training automated multi-turn attackers to probe model safety…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Xiqiao Xiong , Ouxiang Li , Zhuo Liu , Moxin Li , Wentao Shi , Fengbin Zhu , Qifan Wang , Fuli Feng

Jailbreak attacks pose persistent threats to large language models (LLMs). Current safety alignment methods have attempted to address these issues, but they experience two significant limitations: insufficient safety alignment depth and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Yuanbo Xie , Yingjie Zhang , Tianyun Liu , Duohe Ma , Tingwen Liu

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed, ensuring their safe use is paramount. Jailbreaking, adversarial prompts that bypass model alignment to trigger harmful outputs, present significant risks, with existing studies…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Yuan Xin , Dingfan Chen , Linyi Yang , Michael Backes , Xiao Zhang

In this study, we disclose a worrying new vulnerability in Large Language Models (LLMs), which we term \textbf{involuntary jailbreak}. Unlike existing jailbreak attacks, this weakness is distinct in that it does not involve a specific…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Yangyang Guo , Yangyan Li , Mohan Kankanhalli

Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained significant attention but also raised concerns due to the risk of misuse. Jailbreak prompts, a popular type of adversarial attack towards LLMs, have appeared and constantly evolved to breach the…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Zhihua Jin , Shiyi Liu , Haotian Li , Xun Zhao , Huamin Qu

The integration of new modalities into frontier AI systems offers exciting capabilities, but also increases the possibility such systems can be adversarially manipulated in undesirable ways. In this work, we focus on a popular class of…

Multi-turn jailbreak attacks have proven effective against text-only large language models (LLMs), where malicious content is gradually introduced to bypass safety alignment. However, effectively extending such attacks to large…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-29 In Chong Choi , Jiacheng Zhang , Feng Liu , Yiliao Song

This paper introduces FRACTURED-SORRY-Bench, a framework for evaluating the safety of Large Language Models (LLMs) against multi-turn conversational attacks. Building upon the SORRY-Bench dataset, we propose a simple yet effective method…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Aman Priyanshu , Supriti Vijay

GPT-4V has attracted considerable attention due to its extraordinary capacity for integrating and processing multimodal information. At the same time, its ability of face recognition raises new safety concerns of privacy leakage. Despite…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-26 Yuanwei Wu , Yue Huang , Yixin Liu , Xiang Li , Pan Zhou , Lichao Sun

Despite the rapid development of safety alignment techniques for LLMs, defending against multi-turn jailbreaks is still a challenging task. In this paper, we conduct a comprehensive comparison, revealing that some existing defense methods…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Xiaoya Lu , Dongrui Liu , Yi Yu , Luxin Xu , Jing Shao

There has been an increasing interest in the alignment of large language models (LLMs) with human values. However, the safety issues of their integration with a vision module, or vision language models (VLMs), remain relatively…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Xijia Tao , Shuai Zhong , Lei Li , Qi Liu , Lingpeng Kong

Background: While Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved widespread adoption, malicious prompt engineering specifically "jailbreak attacks" poses severe security risks by inducing models to bypass internal safety mechanisms. Current…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Chutian Huang , Dake Cao , Jiacheng Ji , Yunlou Fan , Chengze Yan , Hanhui Xu

Jailbreak attacks on Language Model Models (LLMs) entail crafting prompts aimed at exploiting the models to generate malicious content. Existing jailbreak attacks can successfully deceive the LLMs, however they cannot deceive the human.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Zhilong Wang , Yebo Cao , Peng Liu

Large language models (LLMs) have become increasingly integrated with various applications. To ensure that LLMs do not generate unsafe responses, they are aligned with safeguards that specify what content is restricted. However, such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Hongyu Cai , Arjun Arunasalam , Leo Y. Lin , Antonio Bianchi , Z. Berkay Celik

Jailbreak attacks are crucial for identifying and mitigating the security vulnerabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). They are designed to bypass safeguards and elicit prohibited outputs. However, due to significant differences among…

Large language models (LLMs) have exhibited outstanding performance in engaging with humans and addressing complex questions by leveraging their vast implicit knowledge and robust reasoning capabilities. However, such models are vulnerable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Hao Yang , Lizhen Qu , Ehsan Shareghi , Gholamreza Haffari

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) excel in vision-language tasks but also pose significant risks of generating harmful content, particularly through jailbreak attacks. Jailbreak attacks refer to intentional manipulations that bypass…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Yi Nian , Shenzhe Zhu , Yuehan Qin , Li Li , Ziyi Wang , Chaowei Xiao , Yue Zhao