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Code review is essential for maintaining software quality but often time-consuming and cognitively demanding, especially in industrial environments. Recent advancements in language models (LMs) have opened new avenues for automating core…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Igli Begolli , Meltem Aksoy , Daniel Neider

Large language model (LLM)-powered code review automation tools have been introduced to generate code review comments. However, not all generated comments will drive code changes. Understanding what types of generated review comments are…

Code comments are important artifacts in software systems and play a paramount role in many software engineering (SE) tasks related to maintenance and program comprehension. However, while it is widely accepted that high quality matters in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-04-26 Pooja Rani , Arianna Blasi , Nataliia Stulova , Sebastiano Panichella , Alessandra Gorla , Oscar Nierstrasz

App reviews reflect various user requirements that can aid in planning maintenance tasks. Recently, proposed approaches for automatically classifying user reviews rely on machine learning algorithms. A previous study demonstrated that…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Yasaman Abedini , Abbas Heydarnoori

In software development, code comments play a crucial role in enhancing code comprehension and collaboration. This research paper addresses the challenge of objectively classifying code comments as "Useful" or "Not Useful." We propose a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Samah Syed , Angel Deborah S

The identification of code smells is largely recognized as a subjective task. Consequently, the automated detection tools available are insufficient to deal with the whole subjectivity involved in the task, requiring human validation.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-10-07 Luiz Felipi Junionello , Rafael de Mello

This paper investigates the quality of source code comments automatically generated by Large Language Models (LLMs). While AI-based comment generation has emerged as a promising solution to reduce developers' documentation effort, prior…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Ian Guelman , Arthur Gregório Leal , Laerte Xavier , Marco Tulio Valente

Automated code review (ACR) bots are increasingly used in industrial software development to assist developers during pull request (PR) review. As adoption grows, a key challenge is how to evaluate the usefulness of bot-generated comments…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Veli Karakaya , Utku Boran Torun , Baykal Mehmet Uçar , Eray Tüzün

The use of large language models like ChatGPT in code review offers promising efficiency gains but also raises concerns about correctness and safety. Existing evaluation methods for code review generation either rely on automatic…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Robert Heumüller , Frank Ortmeier

This work evaluates Sentence-BERT for a multi-label code comment classification task seeking to maximize the classification performance while controlling efficiency constraints during inference. Using a dataset of 13,216 labeled comment…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Fabian C. Peña , Steffen Herbold

This study quantifies how prompting strategies interact with large language models (LLMs) to automate the screening stage of systematic literature reviews (SLRs). We evaluate six LLMs (GPT-4o, GPT-4o-mini, DeepSeek-Chat-V3,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Binglan Han , Anuradha Mathrani , Teo Susnjak

State-of-the-art large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive code generation capabilities but struggle with real-world software engineering tasks, such as revising source code to address code reviews, hindering their practical…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Hong Yi Lin , Chunhua Liu , Haoyu Gao , Patanamon Thongtanunam , Christoph Treude

Code smells are characteristics of the software that indicates a code or design problem which can make software hard to understand, evolve, and maintain. The code smell detection tools proposed in the literature produce different results,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-02-11 Thirupathi Guggulothu

Code reviews are central for software quality assurance. Ideally, reviewers should explain their feedback to enable authors of code changes to understand the feedback and act accordingly. Different developers might need different…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Ratnadira Widyasari , Ting Zhang , Abir Bouraffa , Walid Maalej , David Lo

While comments are essential for enhancing code readability and maintainability in modern software projects, developers are often motivated to update code but not comments, leading to outdated or inconsistent documentation that hinders…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Hua Ge , Juan Zhai , Minxue Pan , Fusen He , Ziyue Tan

Web filtering systems rely on accurate web content classification to block cyber threats, prevent data exfiltration, and ensure compliance. However, classification is increasingly difficult due to the dynamic and rapidly evolving nature of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Naeem Rehmat , Muhammad Saad Saeed , Ijaz Ul Haq , Khalid Malik

Zero-shot text classifiers based on label descriptions embed an input text and a set of labels into the same space: measures such as cosine similarity can then be used to select the most similar label description to the input text as the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-25 Angelo Basile , Marc Franco-Salvador , Paolo Rosso

Modern software relies on a multitude of automated testing and quality assurance tools to prevent errors, bugs and potential vulnerabilities. This study sets out to provide a head-to-head, quantitative and qualitative evaluation of six…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Damian Gnieciak , Tomasz Szandala

[Background:] Thematic analysis of free-text justifications in human experiments provides significant qualitative insights. Yet, it is costly because reliable annotations require multiple domain experts. Large language models (LLMs) seem…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Maria Camporese , Fabio Massacci , Yuanjun Gong

As the world becomes increasingly saturated with AI-generated content, disinformation, and algorithmic persuasion, critical thinking - the capacity to evaluate evidence, detect unreliable claims, and exercise independent judgment - is…