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We propose a minimal agentic baseline that enables systematic comparison across different AI-based theorem prover architectures. This design implements the core features shared among state-of-the-art systems: iterative proof refinement,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Borja Requena , Austin Letson , Krystian Nowakowski , Izan Beltran-Ferreiro , Leopoldo Sarra

Agent-based modeling is a paradigm of modeling dynamic systems of interacting agents that are individually governed by specified behavioral rules. Training a model of such agents to produce an emergent behavior by specification of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-11 Karan K. Budhraja , Hang Gao , Tim Oates

The recent development of Agentic AI systems, empowered by autonomous large language models (LLMs) agents with planning and tool-usage capabilities, enables new possibilities for the evolution of industrial automation and reduces the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Marcos Lima Romero , Ricardo Suyama

There exist well-developed frameworks for causal modelling, but these require rather a lot of human domain expertise to define causal variables and perform interventions. In order to enable autonomous agents to learn abstract causal models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-08-15 Taco Cohen

Agentic Artificial Intelligence (AI) constitutes a transformative paradigm in the evolution of intelligent agents and decision-support systems, redefining smart environments by enhancing operational efficiency, optimizing resource…

With the development of foundation model (FM), agentic AI systems are getting more attention, yet their inherent issues like hallucination and poor reasoning, coupled with the frequent ad-hoc nature of system design, lead to unreliable and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Minh-Dung Dao , Quy Minh Le , Hoang Thanh Lam , Duc-Trong Le , Quoc-Viet Pham , Barry O'Sullivan , Hoang D. Nguyen

We investigate the Free Energy Principle as a foundation for measuring risk in agentic and multi-agent systems. From these principles we introduce a Cumulative Risk Exposure metric that is flexible to differing contexts and needs. We…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-07 Michael Walters , Rafael Kaufmann , Justice Sefas , Thomas Kopinski

The visual analytics community has long aimed to understand users better and assist them in their analytic endeavors. As a result, numerous conceptual models of visual analytics aim to formalize common workflows, techniques, and goals…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-04-20 Shayan Monadjemi , Mengtian Guo , David Gotz , Roman Garnett , Alvitta Ottley

This paper investigates the prospect of developing human-interpretable, explainable artificial intelligence (AI) systems based on active inference and the free energy principle. We first provide a brief overview of active inference, and in…

Agentic AI systems - systems that can pursue goals through multi-step planning and tool-mediated action with limited direct supervision - are moving from experimental prototypes to enterprise deployments. This transition introduces tensions…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Nelly Dux , Cristina Alaimo , Philippe Roussiere , Abhishek Kumar Mishra

We define Agency as the emergent capacity of AI systems to function as autonomous agents actively discovering problems, formulating hypotheses, and executing solutions through self-directed engagement with environments and tools. This…

Foundation model (FM)-based AI agents are rapidly gaining adoption across diverse domains, but their inherent non-determinism and non-reproducibility pose testing and quality assurance challenges. While recent benchmarks provide task-level…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Mohammed Mehedi Hasan , Hao Li , Emad Fallahzadeh , Gopi Krishnan Rajbahadur , Bram Adams , Ahmed E. Hassan

Agentic Artificial Intelligence (AI) can autonomously pursue long-term goals, make decisions, and execute complex, multi-turn workflows. Unlike traditional generative AI, which responds reactively to prompts, agentic AI proactively…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Anirban Mukherjee , Hannah Hanwen Chang

The rapid deployment of autonomous AI agents across enterprise, healthcare, and safety-critical environments has created a fundamental governance gap. Existing approaches, runtime guardrails, training-time alignment, and post-hoc auditing…

We introduce a unified mathematical and probabilistic framework for understanding and comparing diverse AI agent strategies. We bridge the gap between high-level agent design concepts, such as ReAct, multi-agent systems, and control flows,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Philip Stephens , Emmanuel Salawu

Active inference is an ambitious theory that treats perception, inference and action selection of autonomous agents under the heading of a single principle. It suggests biologically plausible explanations for many cognitive phenomena,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-06-22 Martin Biehl , Christian Guckelsberger , Christoph Salge , Simón C. Smith , Daniel Polani

Active inference provides a general framework for behavior and learning in autonomous agents. It states that an agent will attempt to minimize its variational free energy, defined in terms of beliefs over observations, internal states and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-12 Samuel T. Wauthier , Bram Vanhecke , Tim Verbelen , Bart Dhoedt

Online marketplaces will be transformed by autonomous AI agents acting on behalf of consumers. Rather than humans browsing and clicking, AI agents can parse webpages or leverage APIs to view, evaluate and choose products. We investigate the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Amine Allouah , Omar Besbes , Josué D Figueroa , Yash Kanoria , Akshit Kumar

The maturation of cognition, from introspection to understanding others, has long been a hallmark of human development. This position paper posits that for AI systems to truly emulate or approach human-like interactions, especially within…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Jasmine A. Berry

This article introduces a reflexion about behavioural specification for interactive and participative agent-based simulation in virtual reality. Within this context, it is neces sary to reach a high level of expressivness in order to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2011-07-19 Pierre De Loor , Favier Pierre-Alexandre