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We consider the problem of finding a two-layer neural network with sigmoid, rectified linear unit (ReLU), or binary step activation functions that "fits" a training data set as accurately as possible as quantified by the training error; and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-04-06 David Gamarnik , Eren C. Kızıldağ , Ilias Zadik

To confirm that the expressive power of ReLU neural networks grows with their depth, the function $F_n = \max \{0,x_1,\ldots,x_n\}$ has been considered in the literature. A conjecture by Hertrich, Basu, Di Summa, and Skutella [NeurIPS 2021]…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Gennadiy Averkov , Christopher Hojny , Maximilian Merkert

We investigate properties of neural networks that use both ReLU and $x^2$ as activation functions and build upon previous results to show that both analytic functions and functions in Sobolev spaces can be approximated by such networks of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Vincent P. H. Goverse , Jad Hamdan , Jared Tanner

We establish the fundamental limits in the approximation of Lipschitz functions by deep ReLU neural networks with finite-precision weights. Specifically, three regimes, namely under-, over-, and proper quantization, in terms of minimax…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-05-06 Weigutian Ou , Philipp Schenkel , Helmut Bölcskei

We study the approximation of shift-invariant or equivariant functions by deep fully convolutional networks from the dynamical systems perspective. We prove that deep residual fully convolutional networks and their continuous-layer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-19 Ting Lin , Zuowei Shen , Qianxiao Li

We study the population loss landscape of two-layer ReLU networks of the form $\sum_{k=1}^K \mathrm{ReLU}(w_k^\top x)$ in a realisable teacher-student setting with Gaussian covariates. We show that local minima admit an exact…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-04-13 Jie Huang , Bruno Loureiro , Stefano Sarao Mannelli

Neural networks trained to minimize the logistic (a.k.a. cross-entropy) loss with gradient-based methods are observed to perform well in many supervised classification tasks. Towards understanding this phenomenon, we analyze the training…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-06-23 Lenaic Chizat , Francis Bach

While it is well-known that neural networks enjoy excellent approximation capabilities, it remains a big challenge to compute such approximations from point samples. Based on tools from Information-based complexity, recent work by Grohs and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-22 Ahmed Abdeljawad , Philipp Grohs

We consider the problem of exact computation of the maximum function over $d$ real inputs using ReLU neural networks. We prove a depth hierarchy, wherein width $\Omega\big(d^{1+\frac{1}{2^{k-2}-1}}\big)$ is necessary to represent the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Itay Safran

Neural networks with piecewise linear activation functions, such as rectified linear units (ReLU) or maxout, are among the most fundamental models in modern machine learning. We make a step towards proving lower bounds on the size of such…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-05-29 Christoph Hertrich , Georg Loho

In this work, we address the question whether a sufficiently deep quantum neural network can approximate a target function as accurate as possible. We start with simple but typical physical situations that the target functions are physical…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2021-09-01 Yadong Wu , Juan Yao , Pengfei Zhang , Hui Zhai

In recent years, functional neural networks have been proposed and studied in order to approximate nonlinear continuous functionals defined on $L^p([-1, 1]^s)$ for integers $s\ge1$ and $1\le p<\infty$. However, their theoretical properties…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-04-11 Linhao Song , Jun Fan , Di-Rong Chen , Ding-Xuan Zhou

{\em Hypernetworks} are architectures that produce the weights of a task-specific {\em primary network}. A notable application of hypernetworks in the recent literature involves learning to output functional representations. In these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-24 Etai Littwin , Tomer Galanti , Lior Wolf , Greg Yang

We describe an algorithm that learns two-layer residual units using rectified linear unit (ReLU) activation: suppose the input $\mathbf{x}$ is from a distribution with support space $\mathbb{R}^d$ and the ground-truth generative model is a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Zhunxuan Wang , Linyun He , Chunchuan Lyu , Shay B. Cohen

The success of deep networks has been attributed in part to their expressivity: per parameter, deep networks can approximate a richer class of functions than shallow networks. In ReLU networks, the number of activation patterns is one…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-10-22 Boris Hanin , David Rolnick

It is well-known that modern neural networks are vulnerable to adversarial examples. To mitigate this problem, a series of robust learning algorithms have been proposed. However, although the robust training error can be near zero via some…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-17 Binghui Li , Jikai Jin , Han Zhong , John E. Hopcroft , Liwei Wang

We show that deep sparse ReLU networks with ternary weights and deep ReLU networks with binary weights can approximate $\beta$-H\"older functions on $[0,1]^d$. Also, for any interval $[a,b)\subset\mathbb{R}$, continuous functions on…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-07-11 Aleksandr Beknazaryan

We give the first dimension-efficient algorithms for learning Rectified Linear Units (ReLUs), which are functions of the form $\mathbf{x} \mapsto \max(0, \mathbf{w} \cdot \mathbf{x})$ with $\mathbf{w} \in \mathbb{S}^{n-1}$. Our algorithm…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-12-06 Surbhi Goel , Varun Kanade , Adam Klivans , Justin Thaler

We extend the ReLU Transition Graph (RTG) framework into a comprehensive graph-theoretic model for understanding deep ReLU networks. In this model, each node represents a linear activation region, and edges connect regions that differ by a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Sahil Rajesh Dhayalkar

Recent studies show that a reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS) is not a suitable space to model functions by neural networks as the curse of dimensionality (CoD) cannot be evaded when trying to approximate even a single ReLU neuron…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-06-27 Fanghui Liu , Leello Dadi , Volkan Cevher