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Recent proposals for regulating frontier AI models have sparked concerns about the cost of safety regulation, and most such regulations have been shelved due to the safety-innovation tradeoff. This paper argues for an alternative regulatory…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Shriyash Upadhyay , Chaithanya Bandi , Narmeen Oozeer , Philip Quirke

Artificial intelligence (AI) applications in healthcare and medicine have increased in recent years. To enable access to personal data, Trusted Research environments (TREs) provide safe and secure environments in which researchers can…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-08-23 Esma Mansouri-Benssassi , Simon Rogers , Jim Smith , Felix Ritchie , Emily Jefferson

Hundreds of millions of people now regularly interact with large language models via chatbots. Model developers are eager to acquire new sources of high-quality training data as they race to improve model capabilities and win market share.…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Jennifer King , Kevin Klyman , Emily Capstick , Tiffany Saade , Victoria Hsieh

To understand and identify the unprecedented risks posed by rapidly advancing artificial intelligence (AI) models, this report presents a comprehensive assessment of their frontier risks. Drawing on the E-T-C analysis (deployment…

As frontier artificial intelligence (AI) systems become more capable, it becomes more important that developers can explain why their systems are sufficiently safe. One way to do so is via safety cases: reports that make a structured…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Marie Davidsen Buhl , Gaurav Sett , Leonie Koessler , Jonas Schuett , Markus Anderljung

AI models and services are used in a growing number of highstakes areas, resulting in a need for increased transparency. Consistent with this, several proposals for higher quality and more consistent documentation of AI data, models, and…

The field of artificial intelligence (AI) has experienced remarkable progress in recent years, driven by the widespread adoption of open-source machine learning models in both research and industry. Considering the resource-intensive nature…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-21 Dominik Hintersdorf , Lukas Struppek , Kristian Kersting

Frontier AI both amplifies existing risks and introduces qualitatively novel challenges. Not only is there a notable lack of stable scientific consensus resulting from the rapid pace of technological change, but emerging frontier AI safety…

As conversational AI systems become more realistic and widely deployed, users are increasingly uncertain about whether they are interacting with a human or an AI system. When AI identity is unclear, users may unwittingly share sensitive…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Anna Gausen , Sarenne Wallbridge , Hannah Rose Kirk , Jennifer Williams , Christopher Summerfield

Despite conflicting definitions and conceptions of fairness, AI fairness researchers broadly agree that fairness is context-specific. However, when faced with general-purpose AI, which by definition serves a range of contexts, how should we…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Vyoma Raman , Judy Hanwen Shen , Andy K. Zhang , Lindsey Gailmard , Rishi Bommasani , Daniel E. Ho , Angelina Wang

The rapid growth of Artificial Intelligence (AI) models and applications has led to an increasingly complex security landscape. Developers of AI projects must contend not only with traditional software supply chain issues but also with…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-12 The Anh Nguyen , Triet Huynh Minh Le , M. Ali Babar

This paper presents a proposal for the governance of frontier AI systems through a hybrid public-private system. Private bodies, authorized and overseen by government, provide certifications to developers of frontier AI systems on an opt-in…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Dean W. Ball

The proliferation of AI has sparked privacy concerns related to training data, model interfaces, downstream applications, and more. We interviewed 25 AI developers based in Europe to understand which privacy threats they believe pose the…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Alexandra Klymenko , Stephen Meisenbacher , Patrick Gage Kelley , Sai Teja Peddinti , Kurt Thomas , Florian Matthes

Over the past year, there has been a robust debate about the benefits and risks of open sourcing foundation models. However, this discussion has often taken place at a high level of generality or with a narrow focus on specific technical…

As vendors adopt AI technologies, security researchers are working to uncover and fix related vulnerabilities, which is important given AI systems handle sensitive data and critical functions. This process relies on vendors receiving and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Yangheran Piao , Jingjie Li , Daniel W. Woods

As foundation models grow in both popularity and capability, researchers have uncovered a variety of ways that the models can pose a risk to the model's owner, user, or others. Despite the efforts of measuring these risks via benchmarks and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-04 David Piorkowski , Michael Hind , John Richards , Jacquelyn Martino

The rapid advancement of ML models in critical sectors such as healthcare, finance, and security has intensified the need for robust data security, model integrity, and reliable outputs. Large multimodal foundational models, while crucial…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Hongyang Zhang , Yue Zhao , Claudio Angione , Harry Yang , James Buban , Ahmad Farhan , Fielding Johnston , Patrick Colangelo

Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems are being deployed around the globe in critical fields such as healthcare and education. In some cases, expert practitioners in these domains are being tasked with introducing or using such systems, but…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-06-16 Iain Barclay , Will Abramson

Data is essential to train and fine-tune today's frontier artificial intelligence (AI) models and to develop future ones. To date, academic, legal, and regulatory work has primarily addressed how data can directly harm consumers and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Jason Hausenloy , Duncan McClements , Madhavendra Thakur

Recent work has demonstrated the plausibility of frontier AI models scheming -- knowingly and covertly pursuing an objective misaligned with its developer's intentions. Such behavior could be very hard to detect, and if present in future…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Mary Phuong , Roland S. Zimmermann , Ziyue Wang , David Lindner , Victoria Krakovna , Sarah Cogan , Allan Dafoe , Lewis Ho , Rohin Shah