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Visual reasoning is central to human cognition, enabling individuals to interpret and abstractly understand their environment. Although recent Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance across language…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Jing Bi , Junjia Guo , Susan Liang , Guangyu Sun , Luchuan Song , Yunlong Tang , Jinxi He , Jiarui Wu , Ali Vosoughi , Chen Chen , Chenliang Xu

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable performance on diverse benchmarks, yet existing evaluation practices largely rely on coarse summary metrics that obscure underlying reasoning abilities. In this work, we propose novel…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-17 Jia Liu , Zhiyu Xu , Yuqi Gu

Automating optimization modeling with LLMs is a promising path toward scalable decision intelligence, but existing approaches either rely on agentic pipelines built on closed-source LLMs with high inference latency, or fine-tune smaller…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Runda Guan , Xiangqing Shen , Jiajun Zhang , Yifan Zhang , Jian Cheng , Rui Xia

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has demonstrated promising potential to enhance the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) in domains such as mathematics and coding. However, its applications on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Zhonghang Yuan , Zhefan Wang , Fang Hu , Zihong Chen , Jinzhe Li , Gang Li , Jie Ying , Huanjun Kong , Songyang Zhang , Nanqing Dong

One common strategy for improving the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) on downstream tasks involves using a \emph{verifier model} to either select the best answer from a pool of candidates or to steer the auto-regressive…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Theo Uscidda , Matthew Trager , Michael Kleinman , Aditya Chattopadhyay , Wei Xia , Stefano Soatto

Recent Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated satisfying general instruction following ability. However, small LLMs with about 7B parameters still struggle fine-grained format following (e.g., JSON format), which seriously hinder…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Zhaoyang Wang , Jinqi Jiang , Huichi Zhou , Wenhao Zheng , Xuchao Zhang , Chetan Bansal , Huaxiu Yao

The reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) have been significantly improved through reinforcement learning (RL). Nevertheless, LLMs still struggle to consistently verify their own reasoning traces. This raises the research…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Xiaoxuan Wang , Bo Liu , Song Jiang , Jingzhou Liu , Jingyuan Qi , Xia Chen , Baosheng He

A burgeoning area within reinforcement learning (RL) is the design of sequential decision-making agents centered around large language models (LLMs). While autonomous decision-making agents powered by modern LLMs could facilitate numerous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Dilip Arumugam , Thomas L. Griffiths

Formal verification offers a path to provably correct software, but writing verified code remains expensive enough that the technique is rarely used in production. Recent large language models can accelerate this work, and recent benchmarks…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Leo Yao

Large Language Models (LLMs) have reshaped natural language processing, powering applications from multi-hop retrieval and question answering to autonomous agent workflows. Yet, prompt engineering -- the task of crafting textual inputs to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-31 Li Yin , Zhangyang Wang

Recently, the use of large language models (LLMs) for software code generation, e.g., C/C++ and Python, has proven a great success. However, LLMs still suffer from low syntactic and functional correctness when it comes to the generation of…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Mingzhe Gao , Jieru Zhao , Zhe Lin , Wenchao Ding , Xiaofeng Hou , Yu Feng , Chao Li , Minyi Guo

The usage of Large Language Models (LLMs) for software and test development has continued to increase since LLMs were first introduced, but only recently have the expectations of LLMs become more realistic. Verifying the correctness of code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Zachariah Sollenberger , Rahul Patel , Saieda Ali Zada , Sunita Chandrasekaran

Existing informal language-based (e.g., human language) Large Language Models (LLMs) trained with Reinforcement Learning (RL) face a significant challenge: their verification processes, which provide crucial training signals, are neither…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Chuanhao Yan , Fengdi Che , Xuhan Huang , Xu Xu , Xin Li , Yizhi Li , Xingwei Qu , Jingzhe Shi , Chenghua Lin , Yaodong Yang , Binhang Yuan , Hang Zhao , Yu Qiao , Bowen Zhou , Jie Fu

Large language models (LLMs) offer significant potential to accelerate systematic literature reviews (SLRs), yet current approaches often rely on brittle, manually crafted prompts that compromise reliability and reproducibility. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Teo Susnjak

Large Language models (LLMs) can generate complicated source code from natural language prompts. However, LLMs can generate output that deviates from what the user wants, requiring supervision and editing. To support this process, we offer…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-01 David Gros , Prem Devanbu

Verifiers--functions assigning rewards to agent behavior--have been key to AI progress in math, code, and games. However, extending gains to domains without clear-cut success criteria remains a challenge: while humans can recognize desired…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Moises Andrade , Joonhyuk Cha , Brandon Ho , Vriksha Srihari , Karmesh Yadav , Zsolt Kira

Large Language Models (LLMs) show promise for automated grading, but their outputs can be unreliable. Rather than improving grading accuracy directly, we address a complementary problem: \textit{predicting when an LLM grader is likely to be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Robinson Ferrer , Damla Turgut , Zhongzhou Chen , Shashank Sonkar

Learning to adapt pretrained language models to unlabeled, out-of-distribution data is a critical challenge, as models often falter on structurally novel reasoning tasks even while excelling within their training distribution. We introduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Mohammad Mahdi Moradi , Hossam Amer , Sudhir Mudur , Weiwei Zhang , Yang Liu , Walid Ahmed

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly being applied to tasks that involve causal reasoning. However, current benchmarks often rely on string matching or surface-level metrics that do not capture whether the output of a model is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Paul He , Yinya Huang , Mrinmaya Sachan , Zhijing Jin

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly relied upon to evaluate text outputs of other LLMs, thereby influencing leaderboards and development decisions. However, concerns persist over the accuracy of these assessments and the potential…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Sumanth Doddapaneni , Mohammed Safi Ur Rahman Khan , Sshubam Verma , Mitesh M. Khapra