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Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in generating software code for high-level programming languages such as Python and C++. However, their application to hardware description languages, such as Verilog,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Yan Tan , Xiangchen Meng , Zijun Jiang , Yangdi Lyu

Verifiers are auxiliary models that assess the correctness of outputs generated by base large language models (LLMs). They play a crucial role in many strategies for solving reasoning-intensive problems with LLMs. Typically, verifiers are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Bartosz Piotrowski , Witold Drzewakowski , Konrad Staniszewski , Piotr Miłoś

One way to increase confidence in the outputs of Large Language Models (LLMs) is to support them with reasoning that is clear and easy to check -- a property we call legibility. We study legibility in the context of solving grade-school…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-02 Jan Hendrik Kirchner , Yining Chen , Harri Edwards , Jan Leike , Nat McAleese , Yuri Burda

Although Large Language Models (LLMs) are becoming increasingly powerful, they still exhibit significant but subtle weaknesses, such as mistakes in instruction-following or coding tasks. As these unexpected errors could lead to severe…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Jiale Cheng , Yida Lu , Xiaotao Gu , Pei Ke , Xiao Liu , Yuxiao Dong , Hongning Wang , Jie Tang , Minlie Huang

Recent large language models (LLMs) achieve strong performance in generating promising reasoning paths for complex tasks. However, despite powerful generation ability, LLMs remain weak at verifying their own answers, revealing a persistent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Yuxin Chen , Yu Wang , Yi Zhang , Ziang Ye , Zhengzhou Cai , Yaorui Shi , Qi Gu , Hui Su , Xunliang Cai , Xiang Wang , An Zhang , Tat-Seng Chua

Large language models (LLMs) increasingly rely on reinforcement learning (RL) to enhance their reasoning capabilities through feedback. A critical challenge is verifying the consistency of model-generated responses and reference answers,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Xuzhao Li , Xuchen Li , Shiyu Hu , Yongzhen Guo , Wentao Zhang

Autoformalization, the process of translating informal statements into formal logic, has gained renewed interest with the emergence of powerful Large Language Models (LLMs). While LLMs show promise in generating structured outputs from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Mihir Gupte , Ramesh S

Program verifiers such as Dafny automate proofs by outsourcing them to an SMT solver. This automation is not perfect, however, and the solver often requires hints in the form of assertions, creating a burden for the proof engineer. In this…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Eric Mugnier , Emmanuel Anaya Gonzalez , Ranjit Jhala , Nadia Polikarpova , Yuanyuan Zhou

One core capability of large language models (LLMs) is to follow natural language instructions. However, the issue of automatically constructing high-quality training data to enhance the complex instruction-following abilities of LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Guanting Dong , Keming Lu , Chengpeng Li , Tingyu Xia , Bowen Yu , Chang Zhou , Jingren Zhou

Recent advancements in test time compute, particularly through the use of verifier models, have significantly enhanced the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). This generator-verifier approach closely resembles the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Jianing Qi , Hao Tang , Zhigang Zhu

In the field of robotics, researchers face a critical challenge in ensuring reliable and efficient task planning. Verifying high-level task plans before execution significantly reduces errors and enhance the overall performance of these…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Danil S. Grigorev , Alexey K. Kovalev , Aleksandr I. Panov

Answer verification is crucial not only for evaluating large language models (LLMs) by matching their unstructured outputs against standard answers, but also serves as the reward model to guide LLM optimization. Most evaluation frameworks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Shudong Liu , Hongwei Liu , Junnan Liu , Linchen Xiao , Songyang Gao , Chengqi Lyu , Yuzhe Gu , Wenwei Zhang , Derek F. Wong , Songyang Zhang , Kai Chen

Recent Language Models (LMs) have shown impressive capabilities in generating texts with the knowledge internalized in parameters. Yet, LMs often generate the factually incorrect responses to the given queries, since their knowledge may be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Jinheon Baek , Soyeong Jeong , Minki Kang , Jong C. Park , Sung Ju Hwang

Large language models (LLMs) have shown great abilities of solving various natural language tasks in different domains. Due to the training objective of LLMs and their pre-training data, LLMs are not very well equipped for tasks involving…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Jiuzhou Han , Nigel Collier , Wray Buntine , Ehsan Shareghi

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) on language modeling and emergent capabilities make them a promising reference-free evaluator of natural language generation quality, and a competent alternative to human evaluation.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Yuxuan Liu , Tianchi Yang , Shaohan Huang , Zihan Zhang , Haizhen Huang , Furu Wei , Weiwei Deng , Feng Sun , Qi Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) have exhibited impressive capabilities across a myriad of tasks, yet they occasionally yield undesirable outputs. We posit that these limitations are rooted in the foundational autoregressive architecture of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Cheng Yang , Chufan Shi , Siheng Li , Bo Shui , Yujiu Yang , Wai Lam

Self-correction has emerged as a promising solution to boost the reasoning performance of large language models (LLMs), where LLMs refine their solutions using self-generated critiques that pinpoint the errors. This work explores whether…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Yunxiang Zhang , Muhammad Khalifa , Lajanugen Logeswaran , Jaekyeom Kim , Moontae Lee , Honglak Lee , Lu Wang

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in generating software code for high-level programming languages such as Python and C++. However, their application to hardware description languages, such as Verilog,…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Yan Tan , Xiangchen Meng , Zijun Jiang , Yangdi Lyu

Large language models (LLMs) can act as both problem solvers and solution verifiers, where the latter select high-quality answers from a pool of solver-generated candidates. This raises the question of under what conditions verification…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Jack Lu , Ryan Teehan , Jinran Jin , Mengye Ren

Search-based test generators are effective at producing unit tests with high coverage. However, such automatically generated tests have no meaningful test and variable names, making them hard to understand and interpret by developers. On…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Matteo Biagiola , Gianluca Ghislotti , Paolo Tonella
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