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Over the last few decades power law distributions have been suggested as forming generative mechanisms in a variety of disparate fields, such as, astrophysics, criminology and database curation. However, fitting these heavy tailed…

Computation · Statistics 2014-08-26 Colin S. Gillespie

Competitive allocation of research funding is a major mechanism within the science system. It is fundamentally based on the idea of peer review. Peer review is central in project selection as peers are considered to be in a unique position…

Physics and Society · Physics 2009-11-17 Peter van den Besselaar , Loet Leydesdorff

Peer selection, the evaluation and selection of agents by their peers, is an important problem in the field of computational social choice; with applications to grading in massively online courses (MOOCs) and academic peer review. Current…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Harper Lyon , Omer Lev , Nicholas Mattei

This paper studies the distributed optimization problem under the influence of heavy-tailed gradient noises. Here, a heavy-tailed noise means that the noise does not necessarily satisfy the bounded variance assumption. Instead, it satisfies…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-05-12 Chao Sun , Huiming Zhang , Bo Chen , Li Yu

Many high-stakes AI deployments proceed only if every stakeholder deems the system acceptable relative to their own minimum standard. With randomization over a finite menu of options, this becomes a feasibility question: does there exist a…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Davin Choo , Paul W. Goldberg , Nicholas Teh

Funding agencies rely on peer review and expert panels to select the research deserving funding. Peer review has limitations, including bias against risky proposals or interdisciplinary research. The inter-rater reliability between…

Applications · Statistics 2022-05-31 Rachel Heyard , Manuela Ott , Georgia Salanti , Matthias Egger

We present an algorithm for distributed estimation of an unknown vector parameter $\boldsymbol{\theta}^\ast \in {\mathbb R}^M$ in the presence of heavy-tailed observation and communication noises. Heavy-tailed noises frequently appear,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Dragana Bajovic , Dusan Jakovetic , Soummya Kar , Manojlo Vukovic

Eliciting reliable human feedback is essential for many machine learning tasks, such as learning from noisy labels and aligning AI systems with human preferences. Peer prediction mechanisms incentivize truthful reporting without ground…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Yichi Zhang , Shengwei Xu , David Pennock , Grant Schoenebeck

"Long tail" data are considered to be smaller, heterogeneous, researcher-held data, which present unique data management and scholarly communication challenges. These data are presumably concentrated within relatively lower-funded projects…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2021-06-23 Gretchen R. Stahlman , P. Bryan Heidorn

At what level should government or companies support research? This complex multi-faceted question encompasses such qualitative bonus as satisfying natural human curiosity, the quest for knowledge and the impact on education and culture,…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-10-31 Didier Sornette , Daniel Zajdenweber

We are witnessing a rapid trend towards the adoption of exercises for evaluation of national research systems, generally based on the peer review approach. They respond to two main needs: stimulating higher efficiency in research activities…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2018-11-22 Giovanni Abramo , Ciriaco Andrea D'Angelo

Recent works have proposed incorporating heavy-tailed (HT) noise into diffusion- and flow-based generative models, with the goals of better recovering the tails of target distributions and improving generative diversity. This motivation is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Hamza Cherkaoui , Hélène Halconruy , Antonio Ocello

Data-driven decision support tools play an increasingly central role in decision-making across various domains. In this work, we focus on binary classification models for predicting positive-outcome scores and deciding on resource…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-30 Simon De Vos , Jente Van Belle , Andres Algaba , Wouter Verbeke , Sam Verboven

Long-tailed classification is challenging due to its heavy imbalance in class probabilities. While existing methods often focus on overall accuracy or accuracy for tail classes, they overlook a critical aspect: certain types of errors can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-27 Bolian Li , Ruqi Zhang

Large-scale datasets are increasingly being used to inform decision making. While this effort aims to ground policy in real-world evidence, challenges have arisen as selection bias and other forms of distribution shifts often plague…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-11-07 Santiago Cortes-Gomez , Mateo Dulce , Carlos Patino , Bryan Wilder

Scholarly publications represent at least two benefits for the study of the scientific community as a social group. First, they attest of some form of relation between scientists (collaborations, mentoring, heritage,...), useful to…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2022-08-09 Robin Delabays , Melvyn Tyloo

This paper extends my research applying statistical decision theory to treatment choice with sample data, using maximum regret to evaluate the performance of treatment rules. The specific new contribution is to study as-if optimization…

Econometrics · Economics 2021-10-05 Charles F. Manski

Information that is of relevance for decision-making is often distributed, and held by self-interested agents. Decision markets are well-suited mechanisms to elicit such information and aggregate it into conditional forecasts that can be…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-03-21 Wenlong Wang , Thomas Pfeiffer

Targeted Learning is a subfield of statistics that unifies advances in causal inference, machine learning and statistical theory to help answer scientifically impactful questions with statistical confidence. Targeted Learning is driven by…

The allocation of scarce donor organs constitutes one of the most consequential algorithmic challenges in healthcare. While the field is rapidly transitioning from rigid, rule-based systems to machine learning and data-driven optimization,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Ioannis Anagnostides , Itai Zilberstein , Zachary W. Sollie , Arman Kilic , Tuomas Sandholm