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Related papers: Learning Evidence Highlighting for Frozen LLMs

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In-context learning (ICL) enables large language models to perform few-shot learning by conditioning on labeled examples in the prompt. Despite its flexibility, ICL suffers from instability -- especially as prompt length increases with more…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Josip Jukić , Jan Šnajder

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate their promise in tackling complicated practical challenges by combining action-based policies with chain of thought (CoT) reasoning. Having high-quality prompts on hand, however, is vital to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-01 Xue Yan , Yan Song , Xinyu Cui , Filippos Christianos , Haifeng Zhang , David Henry Mguni , Jun Wang

Visual reasoning is challenging, requiring both precise object grounding and understanding complex spatial relationships. Existing methods fall into two camps: language-only chain-of-thought approaches, which demand large-scale (image,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Damiano Marsili , Georgia Gkioxari

Syllogistic reasoning is crucial for sound legal decision-making, allowing legal professionals to draw logical conclusions by applying general principles to specific case facts. While large language models (LLMs) can answer legal questions,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Kepu Zhang , Weijie Yu , Zhongxiang Sun , Jun Xu

Logical reasoning is a core challenge in natural language understanding and a fundamental capability of artificial intelligence, underpinning scientific discovery, mathematical theorem proving, and complex decision-making. Despite the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Qingchuan Li , Mingyue Cheng , Zirui Liu , Daoyu Wang , Yuting Zeng , Tongxuan Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have exhibited remarkable potential across a wide array of reasoning tasks, including logical reasoning. Although massive efforts have been made to empower the logical reasoning ability of LLMs via external…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Qingchuan Li , Jiatong Li , Tongxuan Liu , Yuting Zeng , Mingyue Cheng , Weizhe Huang , Qi Liu

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly enhanced their capacity to process long contexts. However, effectively utilizing this long context remains a challenge due to the issue of distraction, where irrelevant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Zijun Wu , Bingyuan Liu , Ran Yan , Lei Chen , Thomas Delteil

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly adopted in educational technologies for a variety of tasks, from generating instructional materials and assisting with assessment design to tutoring. While prior work has investigated how models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Kirk Vanacore , Rene F. Kizilcec

Large language models (LLMs) often struggle with complex logical reasoning due to logical inconsistencies and the inherent difficulty of such reasoning. We use Lean, a theorem proving framework, to address these challenges. By formalizing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Dongwei Jiang , Marcio Fonseca , Shay B. Cohen

We propose a novel method that enables us to determine words that deserve to be emphasized from written text in visual media, relying only on the information from the self-attention distributions of pre-trained language models (PLMs). With…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-07-27 Jaeyoul Shin , Taeuk Kim , Sang-goo Lee

Vision language models (VLMs) are increasingly capable of reasoning over images, but robust visual reasoning often requires re-grounding intermediate steps in the underlying visual evidence. Recent approaches typically rely on external…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Zeru Shi , Kai Mei , Yihao Quan , Dimitris N. Metaxas , Ruixiang Tang

The past years have seen Large Language Models (LLMs) strive not only as generative models but also as agents solving textual sequential decision-making tasks. When facing complex environments where their zero-shot abilities are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Loris Gaven , Clement Romac , Thomas Carta , Sylvain Lamprier , Olivier Sigaud , Pierre-Yves Oudeyer

Large language models excel at complex tasks by breaking down problems into structured reasoning steps. However, reasoning traces often extend beyond reaching a correct answer, causing wasted computation, reduced readability, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Razvan-Gabriel Dumitru , Darius Peteleaza , Vikas Yadav , Liangming Pan

Deploying Multimodal Large Language Models as the brain of embodied agents remains challenging, particularly under long-horizon observations and limited context budgets. Existing memory assisted methods often rely on textual summaries,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Ji Li , Bo Wang , Jing Xia , Mingyi Li , Shiyan Hu

Softmax-based dot-product attention is a cornerstone of Transformer architectures, enabling remarkable capabilities such as in-context learning. However, as context lengths increase, a fundamental limitation of the softmax function emerges:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Sai Surya Duvvuri , Nirmal Patel , Nilesh Gupta , Inderjit S. Dhillon

Question recommendation is a task that sequentially recommends questions for students to enhance their learning efficiency. That is, given the learning history and learning target of a student, a question recommender is supposed to select…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Yuxuan Liu , Haipeng Liu , Ting Long

Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be capable of impressive few-shot generalisation to new tasks. However, they still tend to perform poorly on multi-step logical reasoning problems. Here we carry out a comprehensive evaluation…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-05-20 Antonia Creswell , Murray Shanahan , Irina Higgins

Continuous latent-space reasoning offers a compact alternative to textual chain-of-thought for multimodal models, enabling high-dimensional visual evidence to be integrated without explicit reasoning tokens. However, we identify a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Xin Zhang , Qiqi Tao , Jiawei Du , Moyun Liu , Joey Tianyi Zhou

The limited reasoning capabilities of small language models (SLMs) cast doubt on their suitability for tasks demanding deep, multi-step logical deduction. This paper introduces a framework called Small Reasons, Large Hints (SMART), which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Yujin Kim , Euiin Yi , Minu Kim , Se-Young Yun , Taehyeon Kim

Although perception systems have made remarkable advancements in recent years, they still rely on explicit human instruction or pre-defined categories to identify the target objects before executing visual recognition tasks. Such systems…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-02 Xin Lai , Zhuotao Tian , Yukang Chen , Yanwei Li , Yuhui Yuan , Shu Liu , Jiaya Jia