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Progress in hardware model checking depends critically on high-quality benchmarks. However, the community faces a significant benchmark gap: existing suites are limited in number, often distributed only in representations such as BTOR2…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Guangyu Hu , Xiaofeng Zhou , Wei Zhang , Hongce Zhang

High-level synthesis (HLS) notably speeds up the hardware design process by avoiding RTL programming. However, the turnaround time of HLS increases significantly when post-route quality of results (QoR) are considered during optimization.…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-01-18 Mingzhe Gao , Jieru Zhao , Zhe Lin , Minyi Guo

High-level synthesis (HLS) tools have brought FPGA development into the mainstream, by allowing programmers to design architectures using familiar languages such as C, C++, and OpenCL. While the move to these languages has brought…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2019-10-11 Johannes de Fine Licht , Torsten Hoefler

Modern Integrated Circuits (ICs) are becoming increasingly complex, and so is their development process. Hardware design verification entails a methodical and disciplined approach to the planning, development, execution, and sign-off of…

Latency-insensitive design mitigates increasing interconnect delay and enables productive component reuse in complex digital systems. This design style has been adopted in high-level design flows because untimed functional blocks connected…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-02-19 Steve Dai , Alicia Klinefelter , Haoxing Ren , Rangharajan Venkatesan , Ben Keller , Nathaniel Pinckney , Brucek Khailany

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in natural language processing tasks, yet their application in hardware security verification remains limited due to scarcity of publicly available hardware description…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Touseef Hasan , Blessing Airehenbuwa , Nitin Pundir , Souvika Sarkar , Ujjwal Guin

A large semantic gap between the high-level synthesis (HLS) design and the low-level (on-board or RTL) simulation environment often creates a barrier for those who are not FPGA experts. Moreover, such low-level simulation takes a long time…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2018-12-27 Yuze Chi , Young-kyu Choi , Jason Cong , Jie Wang

The rapid scaling of large language model (LLM) training and inference has driven their adoption in semiconductor design across academia and industry. While most prior work evaluates LLMs on hardware description language (HDL) tasks,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Stefan Abi-Karam , Cong Hao

LLM-based RTL generation is an interesting research direction, as it holds the potential to liberate the least automated stage in the current chip design. However, due to the substantial semantic gap between high-level specifications and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Jianan Mu , Mingyu Shi , Yining Wang , Tianmeng Yang , Bin Sun , Xing Hu , Jing Ye , Huawei Li

High-level synthesis (HLS) refers to the automatic translation of a software program written in a high-level language into a hardware design. Modern HLS tools have moved away from the traditional approach of static (compile time) scheduling…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-08-23 Aditya Rajagopal , Diederik Adriaan Vink , Jianyi Cheng , Yann Herklotz

Masking is a countermeasure against Power Side Channel Attacks (PSCAs) in both software and hardware implementations of cryptographic algorithms. Compared to software masking, implementing masked hardware is time consuming and error prone.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Nilotpola Sarma , Vaishali Ghanshyam Chaudhuri , Chandan Karfa

High-Level Synthesis (HLS) compiles C/C++ into RTL, but exploring pragma-driven optimization choices remains expensive because each design point requires time-consuming synthesis. We propose \textbf{\DiffHLS}, a differential learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Zedong Peng , Zeju Li , Qiang Xu , Jieru Zhao

High-Level Synthesis enables the rapid prototyping of hardware accelerators, by combining a high-level description of the functional behavior of a kernel with a set of micro-architecture optimizations as inputs. Such optimizations can be…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Stéphane Pouget , Louis-Noël Pouchet , Jason Cong

Integrated Circuit (IC) verification consumes nearly 70% of the IC development cycle, and recent research leverages Large Language Models (LLMs) to automatically generate testbenches and reduce verification overhead. However, LLMs have…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Chang-Chih Meng , Yu-Ren Lu , Guan-Yu Lin , Tsung Tai Yeh , Kai-Chiang Wu , I-Chen Wu

High-level synthesis (HLS) is a process that automatically translates a software program in a high-level language into a low-level hardware description. However, the hardware designs produced by HLS tools still suffer from a significant…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-08-16 Jianyi Cheng , Samuel Coward , Lorenzo Chelini , Rafael Barbalho , Theo Drane

Compiling high-level programs to target high-speed packet-processing pipelines is a challenging combinatorial optimization problem. The compiler must configure the pipeline's resources to match the high-level semantics of the program, while…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-11-22 Xiangyu Gao , Divya Raghunathan , Ruijie Fang , Tao Wang , Xiaotong Zhu , Anirudh Sivaraman , Srinivas Narayana , Aarti Gupta

Fully automated verification of large-scale software and hardware systems is arguably the holy grail of formal methods. Large language models (LLMs) have recently demonstrated their potential for enhancing the degree of automation in formal…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Zhongyi Wang , Tengjie Lin , Mingshuai Chen , Haokun Li , Mingqi Yang , Xiao Yi , Shengchao Qin , Yixing Luo , Xiaofeng Li , Bin Gu , Liqiang Lu , Jianwei Yin

Machine Learning (ML) has been widely adopted in design exploration using high level synthesis (HLS) to give a better and faster performance, and resource and power estimation at very early stages for FPGA-based design. To perform…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Zhigang Wei , Aman Arora , Ruihao Li , Lizy K. John

Embedded systems continue to rapidly proliferate in diverse fields, including medical devices, autonomous vehicles, and more generally, the Internet of Things (IoT). Many embedded systems require application-specific hardware components to…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-04-24 Yuchao Liao , Tosiron Adegbija , Roman Lysecky

High-level synthesis (HLS) has been researched for decades and is still limited to fast FPGA prototyping and algorithmic RTL generation. A feasible end-to-end system-level synthesis solution has never been rigorously proven. Modularity and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2022-09-08 Yu Yang , Ahmed Hemani