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Despite the strong language understanding abilities of large language models (LLMs), they still struggle with reliable question answering (QA) over long, structured documents, particularly for numerical reasoning. Financial annual reports…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Yi-Cheng Wang , Wei-An Wang , Chu-Song Chen

Document Question Answering (DQA) involves generating answers from a document based on a user's query, representing a key task in document understanding. This task requires interpreting visual layouts, which has prompted recent studies to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Yixin Xiang , Yunshan Ma , Xiaoyu Du , Yibing Chen , Yanxin Zhang , Jinhui Tang

Multi-hop question answering (QA) is widely used to evaluate the reasoning capabilities of large language models, yet most benchmarks focus on final answer correctness and overlook intermediate reasoning, especially in long multimodal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Biao Xiang , Soyeon Caren Han , Yihao Ding

The use of Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has improved Large Language Models (LLMs) in collaborating with external data, yet significant challenges exist in real-world scenarios. In areas such as academic literature and finance…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Yulong Hui , Yao Lu , Huanchen Zhang

We introduce an expert curated, real-world benchmark for evaluating document-grounded question-answering (QA) motivated by generic drug assessment, using the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) drug label documents. Drug labels contain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Betty Xiong , Jillian Fisher , Benjamin Newman , Meng Hu , Shivangi Gupta , Yejin Choi , Lanyan Fang , Russ B Altman

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have achieved remarkable performance in Visually Rich Document Understanding (VRDU) tasks, but their capabilities are mainly evaluated on pristine, well-structured document images. We consider…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Zichun Guo , Yuling Shi , Wenhao Zeng , Chao Hu , Haotian Lin , Terry Yue Zhuo , Jiawei Chen , Xiaodong Gu , Wenping Ma

Multimodal retrieval is becoming a crucial component of modern AI applications, yet its evaluation lags behind the demands of more realistic and challenging scenarios. Existing benchmarks primarily probe surface-level semantic…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Junjie Zhou , Ze Liu , Lei Xiong , Jin-Ge Yao , Yueze Wang , Shitao Xiao , Fenfen Lin , Miguel Hu Chen , Zhicheng Dou , Siqi Bao , Defu Lian , Yongping Xiong , Zheng Liu

Document Question Answering (DocQA) is a very common task. Existing methods using Large Language Models (LLMs) or Large Vision Language Models (LVLMs) and Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) often prioritize information from a single…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Siwei Han , Peng Xia , Ruiyi Zhang , Tong Sun , Yun Li , Hongtu Zhu , Huaxiu Yao

We introduce DeepSearchQA, a 900-prompt benchmark for evaluating agents on difficult multi-step information-seeking tasks across 17 different fields. Unlike traditional benchmarks that target single answer retrieval or broad-spectrum…

As an agent-level reasoning and coordination paradigm, Multi-Agent Debate (MAD) orchestrates multiple agents through structured debate to improve answer quality and support complex reasoning. However, existing research on MAD suffers from…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Ao Li , Jinghui Zhang , Luyu Li , Yuxiang Duan , Lang Gao , Mingcai Chen , Weijun Qin , Shaopeng Li , Fengxian Ji , Ning Liu , Lizhen Cui , Xiuying Chen , Yuntao Du

Document Question Answering (QA) presents a challenge in understanding visually-rich documents (VRD), particularly those dominated by lengthy textual content like research journal articles. Existing studies primarily focus on real-world…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-22 Yihao Ding , Kaixuan Ren , Jiabin Huang , Siwen Luo , Soyeon Caren Han

Existing benchmarks for evaluating foundation models mainly focus on single-document, text-only tasks. However, they often fail to fully capture the complexity of research workflows, which typically involve interpreting non-textual data and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Chuhan Li , Ziyao Shangguan , Yilun Zhao , Deyuan Li , Yixin Liu , Arman Cohan

Document classification forms the backbone of modern enterprise content management, yet existing benchmarks remain trapped in oversimplified paradigms -- single domain settings with flat label structures -- that bear little resemblance to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Denghao Ma , Qing Liu , Zulong Chen , Chuanfei Xu , Jia Xu , Zhibo Yang , Wei Shao , Zhao Li

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems are showing promising potential, and are becoming increasingly relevant in AI-powered legal applications. Existing benchmarks, such as LegalBench, assess the generative capabilities of Large…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-21 Nicholas Pipitone , Ghita Houir Alami

The development of Large Language Models (LLMs) has revolutionized QA across various industries, including the database domain. However, there is still a lack of a comprehensive benchmark to evaluate the capabilities of different LLMs and…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Yihang Zheng , Bo Li , Zhenghao Lin , Yi Luo , Xuanhe Zhou , Chen Lin , Jinsong Su , Guoliang Li , Shifu Li

We present a unified dataset for document Question-Answering (QA), which is obtained combining several public datasets related to Document AI and visually rich document understanding (VRDU). Our main contribution is twofold: on the one hand…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Simone Giovannini , Fabio Coppini , Andrea Gemelli , Simone Marinai

The integration of multi-document pre-training objectives into language models has resulted in remarkable improvements in multi-document downstream tasks. In this work, we propose extending this idea by pre-training a generic multi-document…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-25 Avi Caciularu , Matthew E. Peters , Jacob Goldberger , Ido Dagan , Arman Cohan

This paper presents an advancement in Question-Answering (QA) systems using a Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) framework to enhance information extraction from PDF files. Recognizing the richness and diversity of data within…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Thi Thu Uyen Hoang , Meenakshi Rajendran , Kun Zhang , Yuhan Wu , Viet Anh Nguyen

In the future, competitive advantages will be given to organisations that can extract valuable information from massive data and make better decisions. In most cases, this data comes from multiple sources. Therefore, the challenge is to…

Applications · Statistics 2016-05-11 Igor Barahona , Judith Cavazos , Jian-Bo Yang

Evaluating whether Multimodal Large Language Models can produce trustworthy, verifiable reasoning over long, visually rich documents requires evaluation beyond end-to-end answer accuracy. We introduce DocScope, a benchmark that formulates…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Xiang Feng , Jiawei Zhou , Zhangfeng Huang , Kewei Wang , Shanshan Ye , Jinxin Hu , Zulong Chen , Yong Luo , Jing Zhang