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Many evaluations of Large Language Models (LLMs) target tasks that are inherently ill-defined, with unclear input and output spaces and ambiguous success criteria. We analyze why existing evaluation benchmarks and metrics fail to provide…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Yi Zhou , Basel Shbita

Writing code requires significant time and effort in software development. To automate this process, researchers have made substantial progress using Large Language Models (LLMs) for code generation. Many benchmarks like HumanEval and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Jia Li , Hongyi Deng , Yiran Zhang , Kechi Zhang , Tianqi Shao , Tiankuo Zhao , Weinan Wang , Zhi Jin , Ge Li , Yang Liu , Yingtao Fang , Yihong Dong

Large language model (LLM) evaluations often assume there is a single correct response -- a gold label -- for each item in the evaluation corpus. However, some tasks can be ambiguous -- i.e., they provide insufficient information to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-22 Luke Guerdan , Hanna Wallach , Solon Barocas , Alexandra Chouldechova

Code generation aims to synthesize code and fulfill functional requirements based on natural language (NL) specifications, which can greatly improve development efficiency. In the era of large language models (LLMs), large code models…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-01 Chaozheng Wang , Zongjie Li , Cuiyun Gao , Wenxuan Wang , Ting Peng , Hailiang Huang , Yuetang Deng , Shuai Wang , Michael R. Lyu

Requirements over strings, commonly represented using natural language (NL), are particularly relevant for software systems due to their heavy reliance on string data manipulation. While individual requirements can usually be analyzed…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Boqi Chen , Aren A. Babikian , Shuzhao Feng , Dániel Varró , Gunter Mussbacher

Large Language Models (LLMs) are revolutionizing Software Engineering (SE) by introducing innovative methods for tasks such as collecting requirements, designing software, generating code, and creating test cases, among others. This article…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-06 Malik Abdul Sami , Zeeshan Rasheed , Muhammad Waseem , Zheying Zhang , Tomas Herda , Pekka Abrahamsson

The growing popularity and widespread use of software applications (apps) across various domains have driven rapid industry growth. Along with this growth, fast-paced market changes have led to constantly evolving software requirements.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Pragyan KC , Rambod Ghandiparsi , Thomas Herron , John Heaps , Mitra Bokaei Hosseini

Code generation refers to the automatic generation of source code based on a given programming specification, which has garnered significant attention particularly with the advancement of large language models (LLMs). However, due to the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Zhao Tian , Junjie Chen

As a part of an embodied agent, Large Language Models (LLMs) are typically used for behavior planning given natural language instructions from the user. However, dealing with ambiguous instructions in real-world environments remains a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Anastasiia Ivanova , Eva Bakaeva , Zoya Volovikova , Alexey K. Kovalev , Aleksandr I. Panov

Large Language Models (LLMs), particularly Code LLMs, have demonstrated impressive performance in code generation. Current research primarily focuses on the correctness of generated code, while efficiency remains less explored. Recent works…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Tong Ye , Weigang Huang , Xuhong Zhang , Tengfei Ma , Peiyu Liu , Jianwei Yin , Wenhai Wang

Software correctness is ensured mathematically through formal verification, which involves the resources of generating formal requirement specifications and having an implementation that must be verified. Tools such as model-checkers and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Arshad Beg , Diarmuid O'Donoghue , Rosemary Monahan

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in code generation tasks, yet they face significant limitations in handling complex, long-context programming challenges and demonstrating complex compositional reasoning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Amr Almorsi , Mohanned Ahmed , Walid Gomaa

Recently, large language models (LLMs) have shown strong potential in code generation tasks. However, there are still gaps before they can be fully applied in actual software development processes. Accurately assessing the code generation…

Ambiguity in natural language poses significant challenges to Large Language Models (LLMs) used for open-domain question answering. LLMs often struggle with the inherent uncertainties of human communication, leading to misinterpretations,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-20 Aryan Keluskar , Amrita Bhattacharjee , Huan Liu

While Large Language Models (LLMs) achieve near-human performance on standard benchmarks, their capabilities often fail to generalize to complex, real-world problems. To bridge this gap, we introduce DeepQuestion, a scalable, automated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Ali Khoramfar , Ali Ramezani , Mohammad Mahdi Mohajeri , Mohammad Javad Dousti , Majid Nili Ahmadabadi , Heshaam Faili

Leveraging Large Language Models (LLMs) for code generation has increasingly emerged as a common practice in the domain of software engineering. Relevant benchmarks have been established to evaluate the code generation capabilities of LLMs.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Jue Huang , Tarek Mahmud , Corina Pasareanu , Guowei Yang

Code generation is to automatically generate source code conforming to a given programming specification, which has received extensive attention especially with the development of large language models (LLMs). Due to the inherent difficulty…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Zhao Tian , Junjie Chen , Xiangyu Zhang

Code-related benchmarks play a critical role in evaluating large language models (LLMs), yet their quality fundamentally shapes how the community interprets model capabilities. In the past few years, awareness of benchmark quality has…

Large Language Model (LLM) agents demonstrate strong performance in autonomous code generation under loose specifications. However, production-grade software requires strict adherence to structural constraints, such as architectural…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Francesco Dente , Dario Satriani , Paolo Papotti

We introduce OSVBench, a new benchmark for evaluating Large Language Models (LLMs) on the task of generating complete formal specifications for verifying the functional correctness of operating system kernels. This benchmark is built upon a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Shangyu Li , Juyong Jiang , Tiancheng Zhao , Jiasi Shen