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Large and small language models have been widely used for robotic task planning. At the same time, vision-language models (VLMs) have successfully tackled problems such as image captioning, scene understanding, and visual question…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Cristiano Battistini , Riccardo Andrea Izzo , Gianluca Bardaro , Matteo Matteucci

This paper studies close-loop task planning, which refers to the process of generating a sequence of skills (a plan) to accomplish a specific goal while adapting the plan based on real-time observations. Recently, prompting Large Language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Mengkang Hu , Yao Mu , Xinmiao Yu , Mingyu Ding , Shiguang Wu , Wenqi Shao , Qiguang Chen , Bin Wang , Yu Qiao , Ping Luo

Integrating large language models (LLMs) into closed-loop robotic task planning has become increasingly popular within embodied artificial intelligence. Previous efforts mainly focused on leveraging the strong reasoning abilities of LLMs to…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Chaoyuan Zhang , Zhaowei Li , Wentao Yuan

Recent studies have highlighted their proficiency in some simple tasks like writing and coding through various reasoning strategies. However, LLM agents still struggle with tasks that require comprehensive planning, a process that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Chengxing Xie , Difan Zou

Autonomous robots combine a variety of skills to form increasingly complex behaviors called missions. While the skills are often programmed at a relatively low level of abstraction, their coordination is architecturally separated and often…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-11-17 Razan Ghzouli , Thorsten Berger , Einar Broch Johnsen , Swaib Dragule , Andrzej Wąsowski

Travel behavior prediction is a core problem in transportation demand management and is traditionally addressed using numerical models calibrated on observed data. With recent advances in large language models (LLMs), new opportunities have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Baichuan Mo , Hanyong Xu , Ruoyun Ma , Jung-Hoon Cho , Dingyi Zhuang , Xiaotong Guo , Jinhua Zhao

Long-horizon planning in realistic environments requires the ability to reason over sequential tasks in high-dimensional state spaces with complex dynamics. Classical motion planning algorithms, such as rapidly-exploring random trees, are…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-10-14 Brian Ichter , Pierre Sermanet , Corey Lynch

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have enabled significant progress in decision-making and task planning for embodied autonomous agents. However, most existing methods struggle with complex, long-horizon tasks because they…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Jae-Woo Choi , Hyungmin Kim , Hyobin Ong , Youngwoo Yoon , Minsu Jang , Dohyung Kim , Jaehong Kim

Despite significant advances in Large Language Models (LLMs), planning tasks still present challenges for LLM-based agents. Existing planning methods face two key limitations: heavy constraints and cascading errors. To address these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Zhengdong Lu , Weikai Lu , Yiling Tao , Yun Dai , ZiXuan Chen , Huiping Zhuang , Cen Chen , Hao Peng , Ziqian Zeng

Recent advancements have significantly enhanced the performance of large language models (LLMs) in tackling complex reasoning tasks, achieving notable success in domains like mathematical and logical reasoning. However, these methods…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Runquan Gui , Zhihai Wang , Jie Wang , Chi Ma , Huiling Zhen , Mingxuan Yuan , Jianye Hao , Defu Lian , Enhong Chen , Feng Wu

There emerges a promising trend of using large language models (LLMs) to generate code-like plans for complex inference tasks such as visual reasoning. This paradigm, known as LLM-based planning, provides flexibility in problem solving and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Pengbo Hu , Ji Qi , Xingyu Li , Hong Li , Xinqi Wang , Bing Quan , Ruiyu Wang , Yi Zhou

This paper proposes a novel integrated dynamic method based on Behavior Trees for planning and allocating tasks in mixed human robot teams, suitable for manufacturing environments. The Behavior Tree formulation allows encoding a single job…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-01-20 Fabio Fusaro , Edoardo Lamon , Elena De Momi , Arash Ajoudani

We consider task and motion planning in complex dynamic environments for problems expressed in terms of a set of Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) constraints, and a reward function. We propose a methodology based on reinforcement learning that…

Robotics · Computer Science 2017-03-24 Chris Paxton , Vasumathi Raman , Gregory D. Hager , Marin Kobilarov

Language models generate reasoning sequentially, preventing them from decoupling irrelevant exploration paths during search. We introduce Tree-Structured Language Modeling (TSLM), which uses special tokens to encode branching structure,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Doyoung Kim , Jaehyeok Doo , Minjoon Seo

Travel planning serves as a critical task for long-horizon reasoning, exposing significant deficits in LLMs. However, existing benchmarks and evaluations primarily assess final plans in an end-to-end manner, which lacks interpretability and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Bo-Wen Zhang , Jin Ye , Peng-Yu Hua , Jia-Wei Cao , Jie-Jing Shao , Yu-Feng Li , Lan-Zhe Guo

In this paper, we propose Belief Behavior Trees (BBTs), an extension to Behavior Trees (BTs) that allows to automatically create a policy that controls a robot in partially observable environments. We extend the semantic of BTs to account…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-08-24 Evgenii Safronov , Michele Colledanchise , Lorenzo Natale

We introduce a challenging real-world planning problem where actions must be taken at each location in a spatial area at each point in time. We use forestry planning as the motivating application. In Large Scale Spatial-Temporal (LSST)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2012-05-14 Mark Crowley , John Nelson , David L Poole

Robust and persistent localisation is essential for ensuring the safe operation of autonomous vehicles. When operating in large and diverse urban driving environments, autonomous vehicles are frequently exposed to situations that violate…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-03-29 Siqi Yi , Stewart Worrall , Eduardo Nebot

Behavior trees represent a hierarchical and modular way of combining several low-level control policies into a high-level task-switching policy. Hybrid dynamical systems can also be seen in terms of task switching between different…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-11 Christopher Iliffe Sprague , Petter Ögren

Designers of autonomous agents, whether in physical or virtual environments, need to express nondeterminisim, failure, and parallelism in behaviors, as well as accounting for synchronous coordination between agents. Behavior Trees are a…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2018-03-28 Chris Martens , Eric Butler , Joseph C. Osborn
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