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Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have achieved remarkable success in open-vocabulary perceptual tasks, yet their ability to solve complex cognitive problems remains limited, especially when visual details are abstract and require…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Boyi Li , Yifan Shen , Yuanzhe Liu , Yifan Xu , Jiateng Liu , Xinzhuo Li , Zhengyuan Li , Jingyuan Zhu , Yunhan Zhong , Fangzhou Lan , Jianguo Cao , James M. Rehg , Heng Ji , Ismini Lourentzou , Xu Cao

Benchmarks that reflect the diversity and complexity of real-world documents are essential for accurately evaluating Automatic Text Recognition (ATR) systems, especially Vision-Large Language Models (vLLMs). Although recent models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Mélodie Boillet , Solène Tarride , Christopher Kermorvant

Despite the existing evolution of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), a non-neglectable limitation remains in their struggle with visual text grounding, especially in text-rich images of documents. Document images, such as scanned…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Ming Li , Ruiyi Zhang , Jian Chen , Chenguang Wang , Jiuxiang Gu , Yufan Zhou , Franck Dernoncourt , Wanrong Zhu , Tianyi Zhou , Tong Sun

Spatial intelligence is essential for multimodal large language models (MLLMs) operating in the complex physical world. Existing benchmarks, however, probe only single-image relations and thus fail to assess the multi-image spatial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Sihan Yang , Runsen Xu , Yiman Xie , Sizhe Yang , Mo Li , Jingli Lin , Chenming Zhu , Xiaochen Chen , Haodong Duan , Xiangyu Yue , Dahua Lin , Tai Wang , Jiangmiao Pang

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated impressive abilities across various tasks, including visual question answering and chart comprehension, yet existing benchmarks for chart-related tasks fall short in capturing the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Zifeng Zhu , Mengzhao Jia , Zhihan Zhang , Lang Li , Meng Jiang

The rise of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has become a transformative force in the field of artificial intelligence, enabling machines to process and generate content across multiple modalities, such as text, images, audio, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Ming Li , Keyu Chen , Ziqian Bi , Ming Liu , Xinyuan Song , Zekun Jiang , Tianyang Wang , Benji Peng , Qian Niu , Junyu Liu , Jinlang Wang , Sen Zhang , Xuanhe Pan , Jiawei Xu , Pohsun Feng

The remarkable progress of Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has garnered unparalleled attention, due to their superior performance in visual contexts. However, their capabilities in visual math problem-solving remain insufficiently…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Renrui Zhang , Dongzhi Jiang , Yichi Zhang , Haokun Lin , Ziyu Guo , Pengshuo Qiu , Aojun Zhou , Pan Lu , Kai-Wei Chang , Peng Gao , Hongsheng Li

Recently Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have achieved considerable advancements in vision-language tasks, yet produce potentially harmful or untrustworthy content. Despite substantial work investigating the trustworthiness of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Yanxu Zhu , Shitong Duan , Xiangxu Zhang , Jitao Sang , Peng Zhang , Tun Lu , Xiao Zhou , Jing Yao , Xiaoyuan Yi , Xing Xie

This paper introduces the TempVS benchmark, which focuses on temporal grounding and reasoning capabilities of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) in image sequences. TempVS consists of three main tests (i.e., event relation inference,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Yingjin Song , Yupei Du , Denis Paperno , Albert Gatt

The sequential structure of videos poses a challenge to the ability of multimodal large language models (MLLMs) to locate multi-frame evidence and conduct multimodal reasoning. However, existing video benchmarks mainly focus on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Kejian Zhu , Zhuoran Jin , Hongbang Yuan , Jiachun Li , Shangqing Tu , Pengfei Cao , Yubo Chen , Kang Liu , Jun Zhao

This paper introduces MMRefine, a MultiModal Refinement benchmark designed to evaluate the error refinement capabilities of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs). As the emphasis shifts toward enhancing reasoning during inference,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Gio Paik , Geewook Kim , Jinbae Im

Occlusion perception, a critical foundation for human-level spatial understanding, embodies the challenge of integrating visual recognition and reasoning. Though multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have demonstrated remarkable…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Zhaochen Liu , Kaiwen Gao , Shuyi Liang , Bin Xiao , Limeng Qiao , Lin Ma , Tingting Jiang

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have achieved strong performance on perception-oriented tasks, yet their ability to perform mathematical spatial reasoning, defined as the capacity to parse and manipulate two- and three-dimensional…

We introduce two new benchmarks REST and REST+ (Render-Equivalence Stress Tests) to enable systematic evaluation of cross-modal inconsistency in multimodal large language models (MLLMs). MLLMs are trained to represent vision and language in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Angela van Sprang , Laurens Samson , Ana Lucic , Erman Acar , Sennay Ghebreab , Yuki M. Asano

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have achieved remarkable success in vision-language tasks, but their reliance on vast, internet-sourced data raises significant privacy and security concerns. Machine unlearning (MU) has emerged as a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Zhaopan Xu , Pengfei Zhou , Weidong Tang , Jiaxin Ai , Wangbo Zhao , Kai Wang , Xiaojiang Peng , Wenqi Shao , Hongxun Yao , Kaipeng Zhang

Based on powerful Large Language Models (LLMs), recent generative Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have gained prominence as a pivotal research area, exhibiting remarkable capability for both comprehension and generation. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-03 Bohao Li , Rui Wang , Guangzhi Wang , Yuying Ge , Yixiao Ge , Ying Shan

Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) have demonstrated impressive performance in recognizing document images with natural language instructions. However, it remains unclear to what extent capabilities in literacy with rich structure and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Zhibo Yang , Jun Tang , Zhaohai Li , Pengfei Wang , Jianqiang Wan , Humen Zhong , Xuejing Liu , Mingkun Yang , Peng Wang , Shuai Bai , LianWen Jin , Junyang Lin

Recently, Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated significant performance across various video understanding tasks. However, their robustness, particularly when faced with manipulated video content, remains largely…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Zixi Yang , Jiapeng Li , Muxi Diao , Yinuo Jing , Kongming Liang

Recent multimodal large language models (MLLMs) show strong capabilities in visual-language reasoning, yet their performance on ultra-high-resolution imagery remains largely unexplored. Existing visual question answering (VQA) benchmarks…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Siqi Li , Xinyu Cai , Jianbiao Mei , Nianchen Deng , Pinlong Cai , Licheng Wen , Yufan Shen , Xuemeng Yang , Botian Shi , Yong Liu

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have recently emerged as general architectures capable of reasoning over diverse modalities. Benchmarks for MLLMs should measure their ability for cross-modal integration. However, current benchmarks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Shunki Uebayashi , Kento Masui , Kyohei Atarashi , Han Bao , Hisashi Kashima , Naoto Inoue , Mayu Otani , Koh Takeuchi