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Transformers, the standard implementation for large language models (LLMs), typically consist of tens to hundreds of discrete layers. While more layers can lead to better performance, this approach has been challenged as far from efficient,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Yen-Chen Wu , Feng-Ting Liao , Meng-Hsi Chen , Pei-Chen Ho , Farhang Nabiei , Da-shan Shiu

Hyper-parameter Tuning (HPT) is a necessary step in machine learning (ML) pipelines but becomes computationally expensive and opaque with larger models. Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have been explored for HPT, yet most rely on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Om Naphade , Saksham Bansal , Parikshit Pareek

The growing scale of deep learning models has rendered standard hyperparameter (HP) optimization prohibitively expensive. A promising solution is the use of scale-aware hyperparameters, which can enable direct transfer of optimal HPs from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Nikhil Ghosh , Denny Wu , Alberto Bietti

Transformers face quadratic complexity and memory issues with long sequences, prompting the adoption of linear attention mechanisms using fixed-size hidden states. However, linear models often suffer from limited recall performance, leading…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Dustin Wang , Rui-Jie Zhu , Steven Abreu , Yong Shan , Taylor Kergan , Yuqi Pan , Yuhong Chou , Zheng Li , Ge Zhang , Wenhao Huang , Jason Eshraghian

The rapid development of the Transformer-based Large Language Models (LLMs) in recent years has been closely linked to their ever-growing and already enormous sizes. Many LLMs contain hundreds of billions of parameters and require dedicated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Mahsa Salmani , Ilya Soloveychik

Recurrent neural networks are effective models to process sequences. However, they are unable to learn long-term dependencies because of their inherent sequential nature. As a solution, Vaswani et al. introduced the Transformer, a model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-28 Quentin Fournier , Gaétan Marceau Caron , Daniel Aloise

Effectively processing long contexts is a critical challenge for language models. While standard Transformers are limited by quadratic complexity and poor length extrapolation, alternative architectures like sliding window attention and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Jiaqi Leng , Xiang Hu , Junxiong Wang , Jianguo Li , Wei Wu , Yucheng Lu

Innovation in the physical layer of communication systems has traditionally been achieved by breaking down the transceivers into sets of processing blocks, each optimized independently based on mathematical models. Conversely, deep learning…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-05-04 Mathieu Goutay

With the rapid growth of large language models (LLMs), a wide range of methods have been developed to distribute computation and memory across hardware devices for efficient training and inference. While existing surveys provide descriptive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Hossam Amer , Rezaul Karim , Ali Pourranjbar , Weiwei Zhang , Walid Ahmed , Boxing Chen

Cost of serving large language models (LLM) is high, but the expensive and scarce GPUs are poorly efficient when generating tokens sequentially, unless the batch of sequences is enlarged. However, the batch size is limited by some…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Jiaao He , Jidong Zhai

This paper introduces a structured memory which can be easily integrated into a neural network. The memory is very large by design and significantly increases the capacity of the architecture, by up to a billion parameters with a negligible…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-12-17 Guillaume Lample , Alexandre Sablayrolles , Marc'Aurelio Ranzato , Ludovic Denoyer , Hervé Jégou

Augmenting large language models (LLMs) with auxiliary tokens has emerged as a promising strategy for enhancing model performance. In this work, we introduce a lightweight method termed latent tokens; these are dummy tokens that may be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Yuchang Sun , Yanxi Chen , Yaliang Li , Bolin Ding

Training a high-quality deep neural network requires choosing suitable hyperparameters, which is a non-trivial and expensive process. Current works try to automatically optimize or design principles of hyperparameters, such that they can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Wuyang Chen , Junru Wu , Zhangyang Wang , Boris Hanin

Large Language Models (LLMs) built on transformer architectures have transformed natural language processing, achieving remarkable performance across diverse applications. While distributed inference frameworks enable practical deployment…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Lang Xu , Kaushik Kandadi Suresh , Quentin Anthony , Nawras Alnaasan , Dhabaleswar K. Panda

Fueled by their remarkable ability to tackle diverse tasks across multiple domains, large language models (LLMs) have grown at an unprecedented rate, with some recent models containing trillions of parameters. This growth is accompanied by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Athanasios Glentis , Jiaxiang Li , Qiulin Shang , Andi Han , Ioannis Tsaknakis , Quan Wei , Mingyi Hong

Transformer networks have become the preferred architecture for many tasks due to their state-of-the-art performance. However, the optimal way to implement residual connections in Transformer, which are essential for effective training, is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-01 Shufang Xie , Huishuai Zhang , Junliang Guo , Xu Tan , Jiang Bian , Hany Hassan Awadalla , Arul Menezes , Tao Qin , Rui Yan

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in English, but their performance degrades significantly on low-resource languages (LRLs) due to English-centric training. While methods like LangBridge align LLMs with multilingual encoders such as the…

Transformer-based self-supervised models are trained as feature extractors and have empowered many downstream speech tasks to achieve state-of-the-art performance. However, both the training and inference process of these models may…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-04 Jinchuan Tian , Rongzhi Gu , Helin Wang , Yuexian Zou

Structured pruning fundamentally reduces computational and memory overheads of large language models (LLMs) and offers a feasible solution for end-side LLM deployment. Structurally pruned models remain dense and high-precision, highly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Bowen Shen , Zheng Lin , Daren Zha , Wei Liu , Jian Luan , Bin Wang , Weiping Wang

Transformers are a widespread and successful model architecture, particularly in Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Computer Vision (CV). The essential innovation of this architecture is the Attention Mechanism, which solves the problem…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-25 Bernhard Bermeitinger , Tomas Hrycej , Massimo Pavone , Julianus Kath , Siegfried Handschuh