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Large Language Models (LLMs) operating in 0-shot or few-shot settings achieve competitive results in Text Classification tasks. In-Context Learning (ICL) typically achieves better accuracy than the 0-shot setting, but it pays in terms of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Parth Patwa , Simone Filice , Zhiyu Chen , Giuseppe Castellucci , Oleg Rokhlenko , Shervin Malmasi

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong math reasoning abilities through Reinforcement Learning with *Verifiable Rewards* (RLVR), many advanced mathematical problems are proof-based, with no guaranteed way to determine…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Haotong Yang , Zitong Wang , Shijia Kang , Siqi Yang , Wenkai Yu , Xu Niu , Yike Sun , Yi Hu , Zhouchen Lin , Muhan Zhang

The remarkable performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) can be enhanced with test-time computation, which relies on external tools and even other deep learning models. However, existing approaches for integrating non-text modality…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Tianle Zhang , Wanlong Fang , Jonathan Woo , Paridhi Latawa , Deepak A. Subramanian , Alvin Chan

The remarkable performance of large language models (LLMs) in zero-shot language understanding has garnered significant attention. However, employing LLMs for large-scale inference or domain-specific fine-tuning requires immense…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Ruohong Zhang , Yau-Shian Wang , Yiming Yang

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved impressive zero-shot performance in various natural language processing (NLP) tasks, demonstrating their capabilities for inference without training examples. Despite their success, no research has…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-04-07 Lei Wang , Ee-Peng Lim

Zero-shot document re-ranking with Large Language Models (LLMs) has evolved from Pointwise methods to Listwise and Setwise approaches that optimize computational efficiency. Despite their success, these methods predominantly rely on…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Haodong Chen , Shengyao Zhuang , Zheng Yao , Guido Zuccon , Teerapong Leelanupab

Recent research in zero-shot Relation Extraction (RE) has focused on using Large Language Models (LLMs) due to their impressive zero-shot capabilities. However, current methods often perform suboptimally, mainly due to a lack of detailed,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Siyi Liu , Yang Li , Jiang Li , Shan Yang , Yunshi Lan

The increasing capability of large language models (LLMs) to generate fluent long-form texts is presenting new challenges in distinguishing machine-generated outputs from human-written ones, which is crucial for ensuring authenticity and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Yufei Tian , Zeyu Pan , Nanyun Peng

Large Language Model (LLM)-based judgments leverage powerful LLMs to efficiently evaluate candidate content and provide judgment scores. However, the inherent biases and vulnerabilities of LLM-generated judgments raise concerns,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Dawei Li , Zhen Tan , Chengshuai Zhao , Bohan Jiang , Baixiang Huang , Pingchuan Ma , Abdullah Alnaibari , Kai Shu , Huan Liu

In offline reinforcement learning (RL), learning from fixed datasets presents a promising solution for domains where real-time interaction with the environment is expensive or risky. However, designing dense reward signals for offline…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Younghwan Lee , Tung M. Luu , Donghoon Lee , Chang D. Yoo

Systematic reviews are crucial for evidence-based medicine as they comprehensively analyse published research findings on specific questions. Conducting such reviews is often resource- and time-intensive, especially in the screening phase,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-02-02 Shuai Wang , Harrisen Scells , Shengyao Zhuang , Martin Potthast , Bevan Koopman , Guido Zuccon

In this work, we address the problem of directing the text generation of a language model (LM) towards a desired behavior, aligning the generated text with the preferences of the human operator. We propose using another, instruction-tuned…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-15 Victor Gallego

Code-generating Large Language Models (LLMs) have become essential tools in modern software development, enhancing productivity and accelerating development. This paper aims to investigate the fine-tuning of code-generating LLMs using…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Marina Sakharova , Abhinav Anand , Mira Mezini

The powerful ability to understand, follow, and generate complex language emerging from large language models (LLMs) makes LLM-generated text flood many areas of our daily lives at an incredible speed and is widely accepted by humans. As…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-22 Junchao Wu , Shu Yang , Runzhe Zhan , Yulin Yuan , Derek F. Wong , Lidia S. Chao

This paper describes the IUST NLP Lab submission to the Prompting Large Language Models as Explainable Metrics Shared Task at the Eval4NLP 2023 Workshop on Evaluation & Comparison of NLP Systems. We have proposed a zero-shot prompt-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Ghazaleh Mahmoudi

Reward models are central to large language model (LLM) post-training. However, past work has shown that they can reward spurious or undesirable attributes such as length, format, hallucinations, and sycophancy. In this work, we introduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Atticus Wang , Iván Arcuschin , Arthur Conmy

Prompt optimization improves the reasoning abilities of large language models (LLMs) without requiring parameter updates to the target model. Following heuristic-based "Think step by step" approaches, the field has evolved in two main…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Andreea Nica , Ivan Zakazov , Nicolas Mario Baldwin , Saibo Geng , Robert West

Extreme Multi-label Text Classification (XMC) entails selecting the most relevant labels for an instance from a vast label set. Extreme Zero-shot XMC (EZ-XMC) extends this challenge by operating without annotated data, relying only on raw…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Jinbin Zhang , Nasib Ullah , Rohit Babbar

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable creative writing capabilities, yet their substantial computational demands hinder widespread use. Enhancing Small Language Models (SLMs) offers a promising alternative, but current…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Xiaolong Wei , Bo Lu , Xingyu Zhang , Zhejun Zhao , Dongdong Shen , Long Xia , Dawei Yin

How can we extend a pre-trained model to many language understanding tasks, without labeled or additional unlabeled data? Pre-trained language models (PLMs) have been effective for a wide range of NLP tasks. However, existing approaches…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Xuandong Zhao , Siqi Ouyang , Zhiguo Yu , Ming Wu , Lei Li