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As technology advances, Android malware continues to pose significant threats to devices and sensitive data. The open-source nature of the Android OS and the availability of its SDK contribute to this rapid growth. Traditional malware…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Saleh J. Makkawy , Michael J. De Lucia , Kenneth E. Barner

We propose a novel method to detect and visualize malware through image classification. The executable binaries are represented as grayscale images obtained from the count of N-grams (N=2) of bytes in the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-01-27 Tajuddin Manhar Mohammed , Lakshmanan Nataraj , Satish Chikkagoudar , Shivkumar Chandrasekaran , B. S. Manjunath

Analyzing a huge amount of malware is a major burden for security analysts. Since emerging malware is often a variant of existing malware, automatically classifying malware into known families greatly reduces a part of their burden.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Rikima Mitsuhashi , Takahiro Shinagawa

This paper presents an underlying framework for both automating and accelerating malware classification, more specifically, mapping malicious executables to known Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) groups. The main feature of this analysis is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Noah Subedar , Taeui Kim , Saathwick Venkataramalingam

Computer vision is playing an increasingly important role in automated malware detection with the rise of the image-based binary representation. These binary images are fast to generate, require no feature engineering, and are resilient to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-07 Scott Freitas , Rahul Duggal , Duen Horng Chau

While graph-based Android malware classifiers achieve over 94% accuracy on standard benchmarks, they exhibit a significant generalization gap under distribution shift, suffering up to 45% performance degradation when encountering unseen…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Ngoc N. Tran , Anwar Said , Waseem Abbas , Tyler Derr , Xenofon D. Koutsoukos

Recently, a considerable amount of malware research has focused on the use of powerful image-based machine learning techniques, which generally yield impressive results. However, before image-based techniques can be applied to malware, the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Rishit Agrawal , Kunal Bhatnagar , Andrew Do , Ronnit Rana , Mark Stamp

Malicious software is a pernicious global problem. A novel multi-task learning framework is proposed in this paper for malware image classification for accurate and fast malware detection. We generate bitmap (BMP) and (PNG) images from…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-12 Ahmed Bensaoud , Jugal Kalita

As zero-day Android malware attacks grow more sophisticated, recent research highlights the effectiveness of using image-based representations of malware bytecode to detect previously unseen threats. However, existing studies often overlook…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Md Mashrur Arifin , Maqsudur Rahman , Nasir U. Eisty

This paper proposes a novel method of classifying malware into families using high-resolution greyscale images and multiple instance learning to overcome adversarial binary enlargement. Current methods of visualisation-based malware…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-11-22 Tim Peters , Hikmat Farhat

Managing the threat posed by malware requires accurate detection and classification techniques. Traditional detection strategies, such as signature scanning, rely on manual analysis of malware to extract relevant features, which is labor…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-24 Vrinda Malhotra , Katerina Potika , Mark Stamp

Classification of malware families is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of how they can infect devices, computers, or systems. Thus, malware identification enables security researchers and incident responders to take precautions…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-06-23 Ferhat Demirkıran , Aykut Çayır , Uğur Ünal , Hasan Dağ

While the rapid adaptation of mobile devices changes our daily life more conveniently, the threat derived from malware is also increased. There are lots of research to detect malware to protect mobile devices, but most of them adopt only…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-06-25 Hye Min Kim , Hyun Min Song , Jae Woo Seo , Huy Kang Kim

Machine learning methods can detect Android malware with very high accuracy. However, these classifiers have an Achilles heel, concept drift: they rapidly become out of date and ineffective, due to the evolution of malware apps and benign…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Yizheng Chen , Zhoujie Ding , David Wagner

Cyber security can be enhanced through application of machine learning by recasting network attack data into an image format, then applying supervised computer vision and other machine learning techniques to detect malicious specimens.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-04 Erik Larsen , Korey MacVittie , John Lilly

Network and system security are incredibly critical issues now. Due to the rapid proliferation of malware, traditional analysis methods struggle with enormous samples. In this paper, we propose four easy-to-extract and small-scale features,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-01-20 Zhenshuo Chen , Eoin Brophy , Tomas Ward

Understanding the patterns of misclassified ImageNet images is particularly important, as it could guide us to design deep neural networks (DNN) that generalize better. However, the richness of ImageNet imposes difficulties for researchers…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-01-21 Shixian Wen , Amanda Sofie Rios , Kiran Lekkala , Laurent Itti

Machine learning and deep learning (ML/DL) have been extensively applied in malware detection, and some existing methods demonstrate robust performance. However, several issues persist in the field of malware detection: (1) Existing work…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Xingyuan Wei , Yichen Liu , Ce Li , Ning Li , Degang Sun , Yan Wang

Due to increasing threats from malicious software (malware) in both number and complexity, researchers have developed approaches to automatic detection and classification of malware, instead of analyzing methods for malware files manually…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-11-02 Ahmed Bensaoud , Nawaf Abudawaood , Jugal Kalita

Android is currently the most extensively used smartphone platform in the world. Due to its popularity and open source nature, Android malware has been rapidly growing in recent years, and bringing great risks to users' privacy. The malware…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-02-01 Wenhao fan , Liang Zhao , Jiayang Wang , Ye Chen , Fan Wu , Yuan'an Liu
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