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The quadratic complexity of the attention module makes it gradually become the bulk of compute in Transformer-based LLMs during generation. Moreover, the excessive key-value cache that arises when dealing with long inputs also brings severe…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Siyu Ren , Qi Jia , Kenny Q. Zhu

To extend the context length of Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) and improve comprehension capabilities, we often face limitations due to computational resources and bounded memory storage capacity. This work introduces a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Chensen Huang , Guibo Zhu , Xuepeng Wang , Yifei Luo , Guojing Ge , Haoran Chen , Dong Yi , Jinqiao Wang

The limited context window of contemporary large language models (LLMs) remains a primary bottleneck for their broader application across diverse domains. Although continual pre-training on long-context data offers a straightforward…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Wei Han , Pan Zhou , Soujanya Poria , Shuicheng Yan

Transformer-based large language models (LLM) have been widely used in language processing applications. However, due to the memory constraints of the devices, most of them restrict the context window. Even though recurrent models in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-07 Zifan He , Yingqi Cao , Zongyue Qin , Neha Prakriya , Yizhou Sun , Jason Cong

Long-context modeling has drawn more and more attention in the area of Large Language Models (LLMs). Continual training with long-context data becomes the de-facto method to equip LLMs with the ability to process long inputs. However, it…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Jianghao Chen , Junhong Wu , Yangyifan Xu , Jiajun Zhang

LLMs have demonstrated remarkable proficiency in understanding tasks but continue to struggle with long-context comprehension, particularly with content located in the middle of extensive inputs. This limitation, known as the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-03 James Begin , Namit Agrawal , Eshan Singh , Yicheng Fu , Sean O'Brien , Vasu Sharma , Kevin Zhu

Large language models (LLMs) based on Transformer have been widely applied in the filed of natural language processing (NLP), demonstrating strong performance, particularly in handling short text tasks. However, when it comes to long…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Yijun Liu , Jinzheng Yu , Yang Xu , Zhongyang Li , Qingfu Zhu

In the framework of learned image compression, the context model plays a pivotal role in capturing the dependencies among latent representations. To reduce the decoding time resulting from the serial autoregressive context model, the…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-12-01 Yang Sui , Ding Ding , Xiang Pan , Xiaozhong Xu , Shan Liu , Bo Yuan , Zhenzhong Chen

Transformer-based Language Models' computation and memory overhead increase quadratically as a function of sequence length. The quadratic cost poses challenges when employing LLMs for processing long sequences. In this work, we introduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Kiarash Zahirnia , Zahra Golpayegani , Walid Ahmed , Yang Liu

Large language models (LLMs) often fail to scale their performance on long-context tasks performance in line with the context lengths they support. This gap is commonly attributed to retrieval failures -- the models' inability to identify…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Yufeng Du , Minyang Tian , Srikanth Ronanki , Subendhu Rongali , Sravan Bodapati , Aram Galstyan , Azton Wells , Roy Schwartz , Eliu A Huerta , Hao Peng

Transformers have a quadratic scaling of computational complexity with input size, which limits the input context window size of large language models (LLMs) in both training and inference. Meanwhile, retrieval-augmented generation (RAG)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Yimin Tang , Yurong Xu , Ning Yan , Masood Mortazavi

Large Language Models (LLMs) face significant computational challenges when processing long contexts due to the quadratic complexity of self-attention. While soft context compression methods, which map input text to smaller latent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Gabriele Berton , Jayakrishnan Unnikrishnan , Son Tran , Mubarak Shah

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been widely used as general-purpose AI agents showing comparable performance on many downstream tasks. However, existing work shows that it is challenging for LLMs to integrate structured data (e.g. KG,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-23 Younghun Lee , Sungchul Kim , Tong Yu , Ryan A. Rossi , Xiang Chen

Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) have demonstrated impressive performance in short video understanding tasks but face great challenges when applied to long video understanding. In contrast, Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit outstanding…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Hongchen Wei , Zhenzhong Chen

Recent techniques such as retrieval-augmented generation or chain-of-thought reasoning have led to longer contexts and increased inference costs. Context compression techniques can reduce these costs, but the most effective approaches…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Hippolyte Pilchen , Edouard Grave , Patrick Pérez

Conversational speech recognition is regarded as a challenging task due to its free-style speaking and long-term contextual dependencies. Prior work has explored the modeling of long-range context through RNNLM rescoring with improved…

Sound · Computer Science 2020-11-19 Kun Wei , Pengcheng Guo , Hang Lv , Zhen Tu , Lei Xie

Transformer-based Large Language Models (LLMs) often impose limitations on the length of the text input to ensure the generation of fluent and relevant responses. This constraint restricts their applicability in scenarios involving long…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-18 Weizhi Fei , Xueyan Niu , Pingyi Zhou , Lu Hou , Bo Bai , Lei Deng , Wei Han

Recently, recurrent large language models (Recurrent LLMs) with linear computational complexity have re-emerged as efficient alternatives to self-attention-based LLMs (Self-Attention LLMs), which have quadratic complexity. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Kai Liu , Zhan Su , Peijie Dong , Fengran Mo , Jianfei Gao , ShaoTing Zhang , Kai Chen

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success in various fields, the efficiency of training and inference remains a major challenge. To address this issue, we propose SUBLLM, short for Subsampling-Upsampling-Bypass…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-26 Quandong Wang , Yuxuan Yuan , Xiaoyu Yang , Ruike Zhang , Kang Zhao , Wei Liu , Jian Luan , Daniel Povey , Bin Wang

Modern large language model (LLM) applications increasingly rely on long conditioning prefixes to control model behavior at inference time. While prefix-augmented inference is effective, it incurs two structural limitations: i) the prefix's…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Yasuyuki Okoshi , Hao Mark Chen , Guanxi Lu , Hongxiang Fan , Masato Motomura , Daichi Fujiki