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This paper systematically derives design dimensions for the structured evaluation of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) approaches. These dimensions enable a descriptive characterization, facilitating comparisons between different…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-09-15 Fabian Sperrle , Mennatallah El-Assady , Grace Guo , Duen Horng Chau , Alex Endert , Daniel Keim

We investigate the impact of available information on the estimation of the default probability within a generalized structural model for credit risk. The traditional structural model where default is triggered when the value of the firm's…

Pricing of Securities · Quantitative Finance 2019-11-19 Imke Redeker , Ralf Wunderlich

Most NLP datasets are not annotated with protected attributes such as gender, making it difficult to measure classification bias using standard measures of fairness (e.g., equal opportunity). However, manually annotating a large dataset…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-28 Kawin Ethayarajh

Background and objective: Prior probability shift between training and deployment datasets challenges deep learning-based medical image classification. Standard correction methods reweight posterior probabilities to adjust prior bias, yet…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2025-11-06 Takaaki Tachibana , Toru Nagasaka , Yukari Adachi , Hiroki Kagiyama , Ryota Ito , Mitsugu Fujita , Kimihiro Yamashita , Yoshihiro Kakeji

For product rating environments, similar to that of Amazon Reviews, it has been shown that the truthful elicitation of feedback is possible through mechanisms which pay buyer reports contingent on the reports of other buyers. We study…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2012-03-19 Jens Witkowski

The growing AI field faces trust, transparency, fairness, and discrimination challenges. Despite the need for new regulations, there is a mismatch between regulatory science and AI, preventing a consistent framework. A five-layer nested…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Akshat Dubey , Zewen Yang , Georges Hattab

The widespread use of machine learning in credit scoring has brought significant advancements in risk assessment and decision-making. However, it has also raised concerns about potential biases, discrimination, and lack of transparency in…

Defining fairness in AI remains a persistent challenge, largely due to its deeply context-dependent nature and the lack of a universal definition. While numerous mathematical formulations of fairness exist, they sometimes conflict with one…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Kessia Nepomuceno , Fabio Petrillo

A major requirement for credit scoring models is to provide a maximally accurate risk prediction. Additionally, regulators demand these models to be transparent and auditable. Thus, in credit scoring, very simple predictive models such as…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-09-30 Michael Bücker , Gero Szepannek , Alicja Gosiewska , Przemyslaw Biecek

This paper establishes a rigorous measurement science for AI agent reliability, providing a foundational framework for quantifying consistency under semantically preserving perturbations. By leveraging $U$-statistics for output-level…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Harsh Raj , Niranjan Orkat , Suvrorup Mukherjee , Aritra Guha , Cheryl Flynn , Subhabrata Majumdar

Under model misspecification, it is known that Bayesian posteriors often do not properly quantify uncertainty about true or pseudo-true parameters. Even more fundamentally, misspecification leads to a lack of reproducibility in the sense…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-11-06 Jonathan H. Huggins , Jeffrey W. Miller

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into financial workflows, but evaluation practice has not kept up. Finance-specific biases can inflate performance, contaminate backtests, and make reported results useless for any…

While certified robustness is widely promoted as a solution to adversarial examples in Artificial Intelligence systems, significant challenges remain before these techniques can be meaningfully deployed in real-world applications. We…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Andrew C. Cullen , Paul Montague , Sarah M. Erfani , Benjamin I. P. Rubinstein

Peer-prediction is a mechanism which elicits privately-held, non-variable information from self-interested agents---formally, truth-telling is a strict Bayes Nash equilibrium of the mechanism. The original Peer-prediction mechanism suffers…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2016-03-28 Yuqing Kong , Grant Schoenebeck

In this paper we consider the issue of paradigm evaluation by applying Bayes' theorem along the following nested hierarchy of progressively more complex structures: i) parameter estimation (within a model), ii) model selection and…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2016-06-02 Giulia Gubitosi , Macarena Lagos , Joao Magueijo , Rupert Allison

Naively trained AI models can be heavily biased. This can be particularly problematic when the biases involve legally or morally protected attributes such as ethnic background, age or gender. Existing solutions to this problem come at the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Nicholas Rosa , Tom Drummond , Mehrtash Harandi

Many practical machine learning tasks can be framed as Structured prediction problems, where several output variables are predicted and considered interdependent. Recent theoretical advances in structured prediction have focused on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-22 Théophile Cantelobre , Benjamin Guedj , María Pérez-Ortiz , John Shawe-Taylor

A highly accurate but overconfident model is ill-suited for deployment in critical applications such as healthcare and autonomous driving. The classification outcome should reflect a high uncertainty on ambiguous in-distribution samples…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Sumedha Singla , Nihal Murali , Forough Arabshahi , Sofia Triantafyllou , Kayhan Batmanghelich

AI deployment in sensitive domains such as health care, credit, employment, and criminal justice is often treated as unsafe to authorize until model internals can be explained. This often leads to an excessive reliance on mechanistic…

Rapid development of advanced modelling techniques gives an opportunity to develop tools that are more and more accurate. However as usually, everything comes with a price and in this case, the price to pay is to loose interpretability of a…