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Heavy-tailed metrics are common and often critical to product evaluation in the online world. While we may have samples large enough for Central Limit Theorem to kick in, experimentation is challenging due to the wide confidence interval of…

Applications · Statistics 2019-05-23 Jason , Wang , Pauline Burke

A core challenge in causal inference is how to extrapolate long term effects, of possibly continuous actions, from short term experimental data. It arises in artificial intelligence: the long term consequences of continuous actions may be…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-01-03 Rahul Singh , Hannah Zhou

Short- and long-term outcomes of an algorithm often differ, with damaging downstream effects. A known example is a click-bait algorithm, which may increase short-term clicks but damage long-term user engagement. A possible solution to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-25 Yuta Saito , Himan Abdollahpouri , Jesse Anderton , Ben Carterette , Mounia Lalmas

Randomized experiments (A/B testings) have become the standard way for web-facing companies to guide innovation, evaluate new products, and prioritize ideas. There are times, however, when running an experiment is too complicated (e.g., we…

Applications · Statistics 2019-03-20 Iavor Bojinov , Ye Tu , Min Liu , Ya Xu

A/B tests serve the purpose of reliably identifying the effect of changes introduced in online services. It is common for online platforms to run a large number of simultaneous experiments by splitting incoming user traffic randomly in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Alexander Buchholz , Vito Bellini , Giuseppe Di Benedetto , Yannik Stein , Matteo Ruffini , Fabian Moerchen

Estimation of heterogeneous long-term treatment effects (HLTEs) is widely used for personalized decision-making in marketing, economics, and medicine, where short-term randomized experiments are often combined with long-term observational…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Haorui Ma , Dennis Frauen , Valentyn Melnychuk , Stefan Feuerriegel

Construction of just-in-time adaptive interventions, such as prompts delivered by mobile apps to promote and maintain behavioral change, requires knowledge about time-varying moderated effects to inform when and how we deliver intervention…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-12-06 Jieru Shi , Zhenke Wu , Walter Dempsey

We study inference on the long-term causal effect of a continual exposure to a novel intervention, which we term a long-term treatment, based on an experiment involving only short-term observations. Key examples include the long-term health…

Applications · Statistics 2024-06-06 Allen Tran , Aurélien Bibaut , Nathan Kallus

Long-term outcomes are often unavailable in randomized clinical trials, although short-term surrogate outcomes are commonly observed. External observational data may contain the long-term outcome, but causal comparisons based on such data…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-05-15 Ziyang Liu , Niwen Zhou , Peng Wu , Xu Guo

Modern transformer-based sequential recommenders excel at capturing short-term intent but often suffer from recency bias, overlooking stable long-term preferences. While extending sequence lengths is an intuitive fix, it is computationally…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Andrii Dzhoha , Egor Malykh

In designing an online A/B experiment, it is crucial to select a sample size and duration that ensure the resulting confidence interval (CI) for the treatment effect is the right width to detect an effect of meaningful magnitude with…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-08-07 Harrison H. Li , Chaoyu Yu

Online controlled experiments, such as A/B-tests, are commonly used by modern tech companies to enable continuous system improvements. Despite their paramount importance, A/B-tests are expensive: by their very definition, a percentage of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Shubham Baweja , Neeti Pokharna , Aleksei Ustimenko , Olivier Jeunen

Randomized experimentation (also known as A/B testing or bucket testing) is widely used in the internet industry to measure the metric impact obtained by different treatment variants. A/B tests identify the treatment variant showing the…

Electronic health records (EHR) data provide a cost and time-effective opportunity to conduct cohort studies of the effects of multiple time-point interventions in the diverse patient population found in real-world clinical settings.…

Tech companies (e.g., Google or Facebook) often use randomized online experiments and/or A/B testing primarily based on the average treatment effects to compare their new product with an old one. However, it is also critically important to…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-11-09 Chengchun Shi , Shikai Luo , Hongtu Zhu , Rui Song

Companies across the globe are keen on targeting potential high-value customers in an attempt to expand revenue and this could be achieved only by understanding the customers more. Customer Lifetime Value (CLV) is the total monetary value…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-04 Karan Gadgil , Sukhpal Singh Gill , Ahmed M. Abdelmoniem

Understanding the effects of quarantine policies in populations with underlying social networks is crucial for public health, yet most causal inference methods fail here due to their assumption of independent individuals. We introduce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Suhan Guo , Furao Shen , Ni Li

An effective online recommendation system should jointly capture users' long-term and short-term preferences in both users' internal behaviors (from the target recommendation task) and external behaviors (from other tasks). However, it is…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-11-29 Ruobing Xie , Yalong Wang , Rui Wang , Yuanfu Lu , Yuanhang Zou , Feng Xia , Leyu Lin

The evolving landscape of online multiplayer gaming presents unique challenges in assessing the causal impacts of game features. Traditional A/B testing methodologies fall short due to complex player interactions, leading to violations of…

Applications · Statistics 2024-02-15 Yu Zhu , Zehang Richard Li , Yang Su , Zhenyu Zhao

We study identifying and estimating the causal effect of a treatment variable on a long-term outcome using data from an observational and an experimental domain. The observational data are subject to unobserved confounding. Furthermore,…