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As autonomous agents become more prevalent, understanding their collective behaviour in strategic interactions is crucial. This study investigates the emergent cooperative tendencies of systems of Large Language Model (LLM) agents in a…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Richard Willis , Yali Du , Joel Z Leibo , Michael Luck

It is likely that AI systems driven by pre-trained language models (PLMs) will increasingly be used to assist humans in high-stakes interactions with other agents, such as negotiation or conflict resolution. Consistent with the goals of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-24 Alan Chan , Maxime Riché , Jesse Clifton

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as autonomous agents, understanding their cooperation and social mechanisms is becoming increasingly important. In particular, how LLMs balance self-interest and collective…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-25 David Guzman Piedrahita , Yongjin Yang , Mrinmaya Sachan , Giorgia Ramponi , Bernhard Schölkopf , Zhijing Jin

There is an growing interest in using Large Language Models (LLMs) in multi-agent systems to tackle interactive real-world tasks that require effective collaboration and assessing complex situations. Yet, we still have a limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Sahar Abdelnabi , Amr Gomaa , Sarath Sivaprasad , Lea Schönherr , Mario Fritz

Large Language Models (LLMs) show significant potential in economic and strategic interactions, where communication via natural language is often prevalent. This raises key questions: Do LLMs behave rationally? How do they perform compared…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Eilam Shapira , Omer Madmon , Itamar Reinman , Samuel Joseph Amouyal , Roi Reichart , Moshe Tennenholtz

As Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly operate as autonomous decision-makers in interactive and multi-agent systems and human societies, understanding their strategic behaviour has profound implications for safety, coordination, and…

As Large Language Models (LLMs) get integrated into diverse workflows, they are increasingly being regarded as "collaborators" with humans, and required to work in coordination with other AI systems. If such AI collaborators are to reliably…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Abhijnan Nath , Carine Graff , Nikhil Krishnaswamy

The deployment of large language models (LLMs) in diverse applications requires a thorough understanding of their decision-making strategies and behavioral patterns. As a supplement to a recent study on the behavioral Turing test, this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Yutong Xie , Yiyao Liu , Zhuang Ma , Lin Shi , Xiyuan Wang , Walter Yuan , Matthew O. Jackson , Qiaozhu Mei

With the prospect of autonomous artificial intelligence (AI) agents, studying their tendency for cooperative behavior becomes an increasingly relevant topic. This study is inspired by the super-additive cooperation theory, where the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Filippo Tonini , Lukas Galke

The development of AI agents based on large, open-domain language models (LLMs) has paved the way for the development of general-purpose AI assistants that can support human in tasks such as writing, coding, graphic design, and scientific…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Mustafa Mert Çelikok , Saptarashmi Bandyopadhyay , Robert Loftin

This paper investigates the rationality of large language models (LLMs) in strategic decision-making contexts, specifically within the framework of game theory. We evaluate several state-of-the-art LLMs across a spectrum of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-13 Wenyue Hua , Ollie Liu , Lingyao Li , Alfonso Amayuelas , Julie Chen , Lucas Jiang , Mingyu Jin , Lizhou Fan , Fei Sun , William Wang , Xintong Wang , Yongfeng Zhang

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have enabled the development of AI agents that exhibit increasingly human-like behaviors, including planning, adaptation, and social dynamics across diverse, interactive, and open-ended…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-06-13 Lin Chen , Yunke Zhang , Jie Feng , Haoye Chai , Honglin Zhang , Bingbing Fan , Yibo Ma , Shiyuan Zhang , Nian Li , Tianhui Liu , Nicholas Sukiennik , Keyu Zhao , Yu Li , Ziyi Liu , Fengli Xu , Yong Li

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have been extensively tested in dyadic game-theoretic scenarios, their collective behavior within complex network games remains surprisingly unexplored. To bridge this gap, we present NetworkGames, a…

Physics and Society · Physics 2026-04-10 Xuan Qiu

Human prosocial cooperation is essential for our collective health, education, and welfare. However, designing social systems to maintain or incentivize prosocial behavior is challenging because people can act selfishly to maximize personal…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Karthik Sreedhar , Alice Cai , Jenny Ma , Jeffrey V. Nickerson , Lydia B. Chilton

Large Language Models (LLMs) have increasingly been utilized in social simulations, where they are often guided by carefully crafted instructions to stably exhibit human-like behaviors during simulations. Nevertheless, we doubt the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Zengqing Wu , Run Peng , Shuyuan Zheng , Qianying Liu , Xu Han , Brian Inhyuk Kwon , Makoto Onizuka , Shaojie Tang , Chuan Xiao

Large language model (LLM) agents increasingly coordinate in multi-agent systems, yet we lack an understanding of where and why cooperation failures may arise. In many real-world coordination problems, from knowledge sharing in…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Advait Yadav , Sid Black , Oliver Sourbut

As AI agents become increasingly capable of tool use and long-horizon tasks, they have begun to be deployed in settings where multiple agents can interact. However, whereas prior work has mostly focused on human-AI interactions, there is an…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Olivia Long , Carter Teplica

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have enabled the emergence of multi-agent systems where LLMs interact, collaborate, and make decisions in shared environments. While individual model behavior has been extensively studied,…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Young-Min Cho , Sharath Chandra Guntuku , Lyle Ungar

It is increasingly important that LLM agents interact effectively and safely with other goal-pursuing agents, yet, recent works report the opposite trend: LLMs with stronger reasoning capabilities behave _less_ cooperatively in mixed-motive…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Emanuel Tewolde , Xiao Zhang , David Guzman Piedrahita , Vincent Conitzer , Zhijing Jin

Building agents with adaptive behavior in cooperative tasks stands as a paramount goal in the realm of multi-agent systems. Current approaches to developing cooperative agents rely primarily on learning-based methods, whose policy…

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