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We consider the problem of testing whether pairs of univariate random variables are associated. Few tests of independence exist that are consistent against all dependent alternatives and are distribution free. We propose novel tests that…

Methodology · Statistics 2014-12-09 Ruth Heller , Yair Heller , Shachar Kaufman , Malka Gorfine

We investigate the property for an input-output system to map unimodal inputs to unimodal outputs. As a first step, we analyse this property for linear time-invariant (LTI) systems, static nonlinearities, and interconnections of those. In…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-11-12 Christian Grussler , Rodolphe Sepulchre

We theoretically analyze the problem of testing for $p$-hacking based on distributions of $p$-values across multiple studies. We provide general results for when such distributions have testable restrictions (are non-increasing) under the…

Econometrics · Economics 2022-05-13 Graham Elliott , Nikolay Kudrin , Kaspar Wuthrich

We develop the theory of hypothesis testing based on the e-value, a notion of evidence that, unlike the p-value, allows for effortlessly combining results from several studies in the common scenario where the decision to perform a new study…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2023-03-13 Peter Grünwald , Rianne de Heide , Wouter Koolen

We develop E-variables for testing whether two or more data streams come from the same source or not, and more generally, whether the difference between the sources is larger than some minimal effect size. These E-variables lead to exact,…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-06-23 Rosanne Turner , Alexander Ly , Peter Grünwald

We introduce the E-measure: a measure-like generalization of the E-value to a class of hypotheses. Unlike classical measures, E-measures are closed under infimums instead of addition. They arise from a compatibility axiom with logical…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-04-23 Nick W. Koning

We introduce a testing-by-betting framework that leverages predictions on unlabeled data to enhance the power of sequential hypothesis testing. Given limited samples from the joint distribution of $(X,Y)$, and additional unlabeled samples…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Yaniv Tenzer , Elad Tolochinsky , Yaniv Romano

Sequential monitoring of randomized trials traditionally relies on parametric assumptions or asymptotic approximations. We discuss a family of nonparametric sequential tests - collectively called e-RT - for binary, event-only, and…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-12 Fernando G Zampieri

There is a useful counterpart of conformal prediction for e-values, called conformal e-prediction. Conformal prediction can serve as basis for testing the assumption of exchangeability, leading to conformal testing. Similarly, conformal…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-11-05 Vladimir Vovk , Ilia Nouretdinov , Alex Gammerman

The notion of an e-value has been recently proposed as a possible alternative to critical regions and p-values in statistical hypothesis testing. In this paper we consider testing the nonparametric hypothesis of symmetry, introduce…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-01-29 Vladimir Vovk , Ruodu Wang

E-variables are tools for retaining type-I error guarantee with optional stopping. We extend E-variables for sequential two-sample tests to general null hypotheses and anytime-valid confidence sequences. We provide implementations for…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-06-27 Rosanne Turner , Peter Grünwald

Multiple testing of a single hypothesis and testing multiple hypotheses are usually done in terms of p-values. In this paper we replace p-values with their natural competitor, e-values, which are closely related to betting, Bayes factors,…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-10-26 Vladimir Vovk , Ruodu Wang

We propose a sequential, anytime-valid method to test the conditional independence of a response $Y$ and a predictor $X$ given a random vector $Z$. The proposed test is based on e-statistics and test martingales, which generalize likelihood…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-02-22 Peter Grünwald , Alexander Henzi , Tyron Lardy

E-variables are a relatively new approach for testing statistical hypotheses that has been experiencing major development during the last several years. In this paper we introduce the method of e-variable-approximability and use it to…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Georgii Potapov , Yuri Kalnishkan

Many high-dimensional hypothesis tests aim to globally examine marginal or low-dimensional features of a high-dimensional joint distribution, such as testing of mean vectors, covariance matrices and regression coefficients. This paper…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2020-02-04 Yinqiu He , Gongjun Xu , Chong Wu , Wei Pan

We address the problem of testing for the invariance of a probability measure under the action of a group of linear transformations. We propose a procedure based on consideration of one-dimensional projections, justified using a variant of…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2022-05-20 Ricardo Fraiman , Leonardo Moreno , Thomas Ransford

Adaptive clinical trials rely on interim analyses, flexible stopping, and data-dependent design modifications that complicate statistical guarantees when fixed-horizon test statistics are repeatedly inspected or reused after adaptations.…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-09 Alexandra Sokolova , Vadim Sokolov

The t-statistic is a widely-used scale-invariant statistic for testing the null hypothesis that the mean is zero. Martingale methods enable sequential testing with the t-statistic at every sample size, while controlling the probability of…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-02-10 Peter D. Grünwald , Wouter M. Koolen

E-values offer a powerful framework for aggregating evidence across different (possibly dependent) statistical experiments. A fundamental question is to identify e-merging functions, namely mappings that merge several e-values into a single…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-03-24 Eugenio Clerico

Compared to p-values, e-values provably guarantee safe, valid inference. If the goal is to test multiple hypotheses simultaneously, one can construct e-values for each individual test and then use the recently developed e-BH procedure to…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-12-03 Neil Dey , Ryan Martin , Jonathan P. Williams