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Rapid advancements in Large Language models (LLMs) has significantly enhanced their reasoning capabilities. Despite improved performance on benchmarks, LLMs exhibit notable gaps in their cognitive processes. Additionally, as reflections of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Ammar Shaikh , Raj Abhijit Dandekar , Sreedath Panat , Rajat Dandekar

State of the art large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive performance on a variety of benchmark tasks and are increasingly used as components in larger applications, where LLM-based predictions serve as proxies for human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Michael Franke , Polina Tsvilodub , Fausto Carcassi

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful candidates to inform clinical decision-making processes. While these models play an increasingly prominent role in shaping the digital landscape, two growing concerns emerge in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-24 Raphael Poulain , Hamed Fayyaz , Rahmatollah Beheshti

Large language models (LLMs) have been proposed as alternatives to human experts for estimating unknown quantities with associated uncertainty, a process known as Bayesian elicitation. We test this by asking eleven LLMs to estimate…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Luka Hobor , Mario Brcic , Mihael Kovac , Kristijan Poje

Large language models (LLMs) offer significant potential as tools to support an expanding range of decision-making tasks. Given their training on human (created) data, LLMs have been shown to inherit societal biases against protected…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Jessica Echterhoff , Yao Liu , Abeer Alessa , Julian McAuley , Zexue He

Improvements in model construction, including fortified safety guardrails, allow Large language models (LLMs) to increasingly pass standard safety checks. However, LLMs sometimes slip into revealing harmful behavior, such as expressing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Nafiseh Nikeghbal , Amir Hossein Kargaran , Jana Diesner

The development of large language models (LLMs) has brought unprecedented possibilities for artificial intelligence (AI) based medical diagnosis. However, the application perspective of LLMs in real diagnostic scenarios is still unclear…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Zhoujian Sun , Cheng Luo , Ziyi Liu , Zhengxing Huang

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as agents that interact with users and with the world. To do so successfully, LLMs must construct representations of the world and form probabilistic beliefs about them. To provide…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Linlu Qiu , Fei Sha , Kelsey Allen , Yoon Kim , Tal Linzen , Sjoerd van Steenkiste

Large language models (LLMs) excel in speed and adaptability across various reasoning tasks, but they often struggle when strict logic or constraint enforcement is required. In contrast, Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) are specifically…

The validity of medical studies based on real-world clinical data, such as observational studies, depends on critical assumptions necessary for drawing causal conclusions about medical interventions. Many published studies are flawed…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Ahmed Alaa , Rachael V. Phillips , Emre Kıcıman , Laura B. Balzer , Mark van der Laan , Maya Petersen

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in high-stakes decision-making contexts. While prior work has shown that LLMs exhibit cognitive biases behaviorally, whether these biases correspond to identifiable internal…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Fan Huang , Songheng Zhang , Haewoon Kwak , Jisun An

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated their capabilities across various tasks, from language translation to complex reasoning. Understanding and predicting human behavior and biases are crucial for artificial intelligence (AI)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Thuy Ngoc Nguyen , Kasturi Jamale , Cleotilde Gonzalez

Information design is typically studied through the lens of Bayesian signaling, where signals shape beliefs purely based on their correlation with the true state of the world. However, behavioral economics and psychology emphasize that…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Paul Duetting , Safwan Hossain , Tao Lin , Renato Paes Leme , Sai Srivatsa Ravindranath , Haifeng Xu , Song Zuo

Large language models (LLMs), in conjunction with various reasoning reinforcement methodologies, have demonstrated remarkable capabilities comparable to humans in fields such as mathematics, law, coding, common sense, and world knowledge.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-28 Chuwen Wang , Shirong Zeng , Cheng Wang

Large language models (LLMs) increasingly help people solve problems, from debugging code to repairing machinery. This process requires generating plausible hypotheses from partial descriptions, then updating them as more information…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Hua-Dong Xiong

Objective: This study investigates the potential of Large Language Models (LLMs) as an alternative to human expert elicitation for extracting structured causal knowledge and facilitating causal modeling in biometric and healthcare…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Olha Shaposhnyk , Daria Zahorska , Svetlana Yanushkevich

We conducted three experiments to investigate how large language models (LLMs) evaluate posterior probabilities. Our results reveal the coexistence of two modes in posterior judgment among state-of-the-art models: a normative mode, which…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Shenxiong Li , Huaxia Rui

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit probabilistic output characteristics, yet conventional evaluation frameworks rely on deterministic scalar metrics. This study introduces a Bayesian approach for LLM capability assessment that integrates…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Xiao Xiao , Yu Su , Sijing Zhang , Zhang Chen , Yadong Chen , Tian Liu

The deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs) in diverse applications necessitates an assurance of safety without compromising the contextual integrity of the generated content. Traditional approaches, including safety-specific fine-tuning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-01 Shaina Raza , Ananya Raval , Veronica Chatrath

Large Language Models (LLMs) are powerful tools with the potential to benefit society immensely, yet, they have demonstrated biases that perpetuate societal inequalities. Despite significant advancements in bias mitigation techniques using…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Deonna M. Owens , Ryan A. Rossi , Sungchul Kim , Tong Yu , Franck Dernoncourt , Xiang Chen , Ruiyi Zhang , Jiuxiang Gu , Hanieh Deilamsalehy , Nedim Lipka
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