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Instruction-following agents must ground language into their observation and action spaces. Learning to ground language is challenging, typically requiring domain-specific engineering or large quantities of human interaction data. To…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Theodore Sumers , Kenneth Marino , Arun Ahuja , Rob Fergus , Ishita Dasgupta

Embodied navigation requires robots to understand and interact with the environment based on given tasks. Vision-Language Navigation (VLN) is an embodied navigation task, where a robot navigates within a previously seen and unseen…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Muraleekrishna Gopinathan , Jumana Abu-Khalaf , David Suter , Martin Masek

Achieving human-like reasoning in deep learning models for complex tasks in unknown environments remains a critical challenge in embodied intelligence. While advanced vision-language models (VLMs) excel in static scene understanding, their…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Jinzhou Tang , Jusheng zhang , Sidi Liu , Waikit Xiu , Qinhan Lv , Xiying Li

Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models are emerging as a unified substrate for embodied intelligence. This shift raises a new class of safety challenges, stemming from the embodied nature of VLA systems, including irreversible physical…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Qi Li , Bo Yin , Weiqi Huang , Ruhao Liu , Bojun Zou , Runpeng Yu , Jingwen Ye , Weihao Yu , Xinchao Wang

Vision Language Models (VLMs) have recently been leveraged to generate robotic actions, forming Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models. However, directly adapting a pretrained VLM for robotic control remains challenging, particularly when…

Large vision-language models (VLMs) excel at multimodal understanding but fall short when extended to embodied tasks, where instructions must be transformed into low-level motor actions. We introduce ST4VLA, a dual-system…

Vision-language-action (VLA) models can enable broad open world generalization, but require large and diverse datasets. It is appealing to consider whether some of this data can come from human videos, which cover diverse real-world…

Vision-Language-Action models have emerged as a promising paradigm for robotic manipulation by unifying perception, language grounding, and action generation. However, they often struggle in scenarios requiring precise spatial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Tao Lin , Yuxin Du , Jiting Liu , Nuobei Zhu , Yunhe Li , Yuqian Fu , Yinxinyu Chen , Hongyi Cai , Zewei Ye , Bing Cheng , Kai Ye , Yiran Mao , Yilei Zhong , MingKang Dong , Junchi Yan , Gen Li , Bo Zhao

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have shown significant advancements, providing a promising future for embodied agents. Existing benchmarks for evaluating MLLMs primarily utilize static images or videos, limiting assessments to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-14 Zhili Cheng , Yuge Tu , Ran Li , Shiqi Dai , Jinyi Hu , Shengding Hu , Jiahao Li , Yang Shi , Tianyu Yu , Weize Chen , Lei Shi , Maosong Sun

Pretrained vision-language models (VLMs) can make semantic and visual inferences across diverse settings, providing valuable common-sense priors for robotic control. However, effectively grounding this knowledge in robot behaviors remains…

Large-scale contrastive pre-training produces powerful Vision-and-Language Models (VLMs) capable of generating representations (embeddings) effective for a wide variety of visual and multimodal tasks. However, these pretrained embeddings…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Nikolaos-Antonios Ypsilantis , Kaifeng Chen , André Araujo , Ondřej Chum

Embodied visual tracking is a fundamental skill in Embodied AI, enabling an agent to follow a specific target in dynamic environments using only egocentric vision. This task is inherently challenging as it requires both accurate target…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Shaoan Wang , Jiazhao Zhang , Minghan Li , Jiahang Liu , Anqi Li , Kui Wu , Fangwei Zhong , Junzhi Yu , Zhizheng Zhang , He Wang

Recent advances in Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models have opened new avenues for robot manipulation, yet existing methods exhibit limited efficiency and a lack of high-level knowledge and spatial awareness. To address these challenges, we…

Vision-and-language navigation (VLN) stands as a key research problem of Embodied AI, aiming at enabling agents to navigate in unseen environments following linguistic instructions. In this field, generalization is a long-standing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Jiazhao Zhang , Kunyu Wang , Rongtao Xu , Gengze Zhou , Yicong Hong , Xiaomeng Fang , Qi Wu , Zhizheng Zhang , He Wang

Prevailing Vision-Language-Action Models (VLAs) for robotic manipulation are built upon vision-language backbones pretrained on large-scale, but disconnected static web data. As a result, despite improved semantic generalization, the policy…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Jonas Pai , Liam Achenbach , Victoriano Montesinos , Benedek Forrai , Oier Mees , Elvis Nava

To build a generalizable Vision-Language-Action (VLA) model with strong reasoning ability, a common strategy is to first train a specialist VLA on robot demonstrations to acquire reliable manipulation skills, and then incorporate mixed…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Zhen Fang , Zhuoyang Liu , Jiaming Liu , Hao Chen , Yu Zeng , Shiting Huang , Zehui Chen , Lin Chen , Shanghang Zhang , Feng Zhao

Incremental decision making in real-world environments is one of the most challenging tasks in embodied artificial intelligence. One particularly demanding scenario is Vision and Language Navigation~(VLN) which requires visual and natural…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-01-25 Raphael Schumann , Wanrong Zhu , Weixi Feng , Tsu-Jui Fu , Stefan Riezler , William Yang Wang

Vision-Language Action (VLA) models significantly advance robotic manipulation by leveraging the strong perception capabilities of pretrained vision-language models (VLMs). By integrating action modules into these pretrained models, VLA…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Shaoqi Dong , Chaoyou Fu , Haihan Gao , Yi-Fan Zhang , Chi Yan , Chu Wu , Xiaoyu Liu , Yunhang Shen , Jing Huo , Deqiang Jiang , Haoyu Cao , Yang Gao , Xing Sun , Ran He , Caifeng Shan

Vision-language modeling (VLM) aims to bridge the information gap between images and natural language. Under the new paradigm of first pre-training on massive image-text pairs and then fine-tuning on task-specific data, VLM in the remote…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Xingxing Weng , Chao Pang , Gui-Song Xia

Large Vision-Language Models (VLMs) rely on effective multimodal alignment between pre-trained vision encoders and Large Language Models (LLMs) to integrate visual and textual information. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Shweta Mahajan , Hoang Le , Hyojin Park , Farzad Farhadzadeh , Munawar Hayat , Fatih Porikli