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Procedural memory enables large language model (LLM) agents to internalize "how-to" knowledge, theoretically reducing redundant trial-and-error. However, existing frameworks predominantly suffer from a "passive accumulation" paradigm,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Zouying Cao , Jiaji Deng , Li Yu , Weikang Zhou , Zhaoyang Liu , Bolin Ding , Hai Zhao

Memory systems address the challenge of context loss in Large Language Model during prolonged interactions. However, compared to human cognition, the efficacy of these systems in processing emotion-related information remains inconclusive.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Peng Liu , Zhen Tao , Jihao Zhao , Ding Chen , Yansong Zhang , Cuiping Li , Zhiyu Li , Hong Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at generating coherent text within a single prompt but fall short in sustaining relevance, personalization, and continuity across extended interactions. Human communication, however, relies on multiple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Stefano Zeppieri

The deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs) in interactive systems necessitates a deep alignment with the nuanced and dynamic preferences of individual users. Current alignment techniques predominantly address universal human values or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Xiaotian Zhang , Yuan Wang , Ruizhe Chen , Zeya Wang , Runchen Hou , Zuozhu Liu

As the general capabilities of artificial intelligence (AI) agents continue to evolve, their ability to learn to master multiple complex tasks through experience remains a key challenge. Current LLM agents, particularly those based on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Minttu Alakuijala , Ya Gao , Georgy Ananov , Samuel Kaski , Pekka Marttinen , Alexander Ilin , Harri Valpola

Augmented Reality (AR) systems are increasingly integrating foundation models, such as Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), to provide more context-aware and adaptive user experiences. This integration has led to the development of AR…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Dongwook Choi , Taeyoon Kwon , Dongil Yang , Hyojun Kim , Jinyoung Yeo

Large Language Model (LLM) empowered agents have recently emerged as advanced paradigms that exhibit impressive capabilities in a wide range of domains and tasks. Despite their potential, current LLM agents often adopt a one-size-fits-all…

Current LLM agents lack principled mechanisms for managing persistent memory across long interaction horizons. We present a biologically-grounded memory architecture comprising six cognitive mechanisms: (1) sleep-phase consolidation, (2)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Doga Kerestecioglu , Alexei Robsky , Clemens Vasters , Anshul Sharma , Yitzhak Kesselman

Memory is critical for LLM-based agents to preserve past observations for future decision-making, where factual memory serves as its foundational part. However, existing approaches to constructing factual memory face several limitations.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Zeyu Zhang , Rui Li , Xiaoyan Zhao , Yang Zhang , Wenjie Wang , Xu Chen , Tat-Seng Chua

Memory-augmented large language models extend reasoning beyond a fixed context window by maintaining long-term memory across interactions. However, existing memory systems often collapse stable user facts, episodic events, and behavioral…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Hyeonjeong Ha , Jeonghwan Kim , Cheng Qian , Jiayu Liu , William M. Campbell , Yue Wu , Yuji Zhang , Kathleen McKeown , Dilek Hakkani-Tur , Heng Ji

Equipping Large Language Models (LLMs) with persistent memory enhances interaction continuity and personalization but introduces new safety risks. Specifically, contaminated or biased memory accumulation can trigger abnormal agent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Weiwei Xie , Shaoxiong Guo , Fan Zhang , Tian Xia , Xue Yang , Lizhuang Ma , Junchi Yan , Qibing Ren

Recent GUI agents have made substantial progress in visual grounding and action prediction, yet they remain brittle in long-horizon tasks that require maintaining task state across many interface transitions. Existing agents typically rely…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Ziyun Zeng , Hang Hua , Bocheng Zou , Mu Cai , Rogerio Feris , Jiebo Luo

Recent memory agents improve LLMs by extracting experiences and conversation history into an external storage. This enables low-overhead context assembly and online memory update without expensive LLM training. However, existing solutions…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Xinle Wu , Rui Zhang , Mustafa Anis Hussain , Yao Lu

Memory enables Large Language Model (LLM) agents to perceive, store, and use information from past dialogues, which is essential for personalization. However, existing methods fail to properly model the temporal dimension of memory in two…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Miao Su , Yucan Guo , Zhongni Hou , Long Bai , Zixuan Li , Yufei Zhang , Guojun Yin , Wei Lin , Xiaolong Jin , Jiafeng Guo , Xueqi Cheng

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has become the default strategy for providing large language model (LLM) agents with contextual knowledge. Yet RAG treats memory as a stateless lookup table: information persists indefinitely, retrieval…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Joe Logan

In this paper, we introduce a novel learning paradigm for Adaptive Large Language Model (LLM) agents that eliminates the need for fine-tuning the underlying LLMs. Existing approaches are often either rigid, relying on static, handcrafted…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Huichi Zhou , Yihang Chen , Siyuan Guo , Xue Yan , Kin Hei Lee , Zihan Wang , Ka Yiu Lee , Guchun Zhang , Kun Shao , Linyi Yang , Jun Wang

Online reinforcement learning agents are currently able to process an increasing amount of data by converting it into a higher order value functions. This expansion of the information collected from the environment increases the agent's…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-04 Mirza Ramicic , Andrea Bonarini

Users often omit essential details in their requests to LLM-based agents, resulting in under-specified inputs for tool use. This poses a fundamental challenge for tool-augmented agents, as API execution typically requires complete…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yejin Yoon , Minseo Kim , Taeuk Kim

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable prowess in generating contextually coherent responses, yet their fixed context windows pose fundamental challenges for maintaining consistency over prolonged multi-session dialogues.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Prateek Chhikara , Dev Khant , Saket Aryan , Taranjeet Singh , Deshraj Yadav

LLM-based agents have been extensively applied across various domains, where memory stands out as one of their most essential capabilities. Previous memory mechanisms of LLM-based agents are manually predefined by human experts, leading to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Zeyu Zhang , Quanyu Dai , Rui Li , Xiaohe Bo , Xu Chen , Zhenhua Dong