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At the heart of the Conway-Kochen Free Will theorem and Kochen and Specker's argument against non-contextual hidden variable theories is the existence of a Kochen-Specker (KS) system: a set of points on the sphere that has no 0,1-coloring…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2015-01-03 Sander Uijlen , Bas Westerbaan

The Kochen-Specker (KS) theorem is a central result in quantum theory and has applications in quantum information. Its proof requires several yes-no tests that can be grouped in contexts or subsets of jointly measurable tests. Arguably, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-04-23 Petr Lisonek , Piotr Badziag , Jose R. Portillo , Adan Cabello

A new theory-independent noncontextuality inequality is presented [Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 110403 (2015)] based on Kochen-Specker (KS) set without imposing the assumption of determinism. By proposing novel noncontextuality inequalities, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-12-14 Zhen-Peng Xu , Debashis Saha , Hong-Yi Su , Marcin Pawlowski , Jing-Ling Chen

We present a computational survey of Kochen-Specker (KS) uncolorability in three-dimensional Hilbert space across two-symbol coordinate alphabets $\mathcal{A} = \{0, \pm 1, \pm x\}$ drawn from quadratic, cyclotomic, and golden-ratio number…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-14 Michael Kernaghan

Yu and Oh [1] have given a state independent proof of the Kochen-Specker theorem in three dimensions using only 13 rays. The proof consists of showing that a non-contextual hidden variable theory necessarily leads to an inequality that is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-30 Ingemar Bengtsson , Kate Blanchfield , Adan Cabello

Kochen-Specker (KS) sets are fundamental in physics. Every time nature produces bipartite correlations attaining the nonsignaling limit, or two parties always win a nonlocal game impossible to always win classically, is because the parties…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-10 Adán Cabello

Quantum contextuality turns out to be a necessary resource for universal quantum computation and also has applications in quantum communication. Thus it becomes important to generate contextual sets of arbitrary structure and complexity to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-05-07 Mladen Pavicic , Mordecai Waegell , Norman D. Megill , P. K. Aravind

Kochen-Specker (KS) sets are key tools for proving some fundamental results in quantum theory and also have potential applications in quantum information processing. However, so far, their intrinsic complexity has prevented experimentalists…

Quantum contextuality, as proved by Kochen and Specker, and also by Bell, should manifest itself in any state in any system with more than two distinguishable states and recently has been experimentally verified on various physical systems.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-30 Sixia Yu , C. H. Oh

It has been recently shown that state-independent contextuality (SIC) is a fundamental resource linked with a type of nonlocality which cannot be improved by nonsignaling resources. Therefore, it is of fundamental importance to identify the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-01-05 Adan Cabello

Recently, Yu and Oh [Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 030402 (2012)] have conjectured that the simplest set of vectors needed to prove state-independent contextuality on a qutrit requires 13 vectors. Here we first prove that a necessary and sufficient…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-04-19 Adan Cabello

We introduce two generalizations of Kochen-Specker (KS) sets: projective KS sets and generalized KS sets. We then use projective KS sets to characterize all graphs for which the chromatic number is strictly larger than the quantum chromatic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-07-24 Laura Mancinska , Giannicola Scarpa , Simone Severini

The strength of quantum contextuality is closely related to quantum computation power. Yu-Oh set is the minimal quantum system with state-independent contextuality(SIC). However, its strength of the contextuality has not been taken into…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-24 Jiawei Nie , Yongjun Wang , Songyi Liu

Quantum contextuality is a fundamental nonclassical property of quantum systems, regarded as a key resource that demonstrates the computational and informational advantages of quantum over classical systems. Our present work aims to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-16 Chang He , Yongjun Wang , Baoshan Wang , Songyi Liu , Yunyi Jia

Kochen-Specker (KS) theorem denies the possibility for the noncontextual hidden variable theories to reproduce the predictions of quantum mechanics. A set of projection operators (projectors) and bases used to show the impossibility of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-17 S. P. Toh

For the first time we construct an infinite family of Kochen-Specker sets in a space of fixed dimension, namely in R^4. While most of the previous constructions of Kochen-Specker sets have been based on computer search, our construction is…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-11-15 Brandon Elford , Petr Lisonek

Randomness is a potential resource for cryptography, simulations and algorithms. Non-local correlations violating Bell's inequality certify the generation of bit strings whose randomness is guaranteed in a device-independent manner. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-31 A. K. Pan

We investigate the minimum number of cliques of orders $3$, $4$, and $5$ needed to cover the edges of $K_{33}$ with zero excess. General covering results yield the lower bound 57. The main result of the paper is that no decomposition of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-04-01 Petr Kovař , Yifan Zhang

The Kochen-Specker (KS) theorem is a fundamental result in quantum foundations that has spawned massive interest since its inception. We present state-independent non-contextuality inequalities with large violations, in particular, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-22 Ravishankar Ramanathan , Yuan Liu , Paweł Horodecki

We show that all possible 388 4-dim Kochen-Specker (KS) (vector) sets (of yes-no questions) with 18 through 23 vectors and 844 sets with 24 vectors all with component values from \{-1,0,1\} can be obtained by stripping vectors off a single…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-04-20 Mladen Pavicic , Norman D. Megill , Jean-Pierre Merlet