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A growing body of work attempts to evaluate the theory of mind (ToM) abilities of humans and large language models (LLMs) using static, non-interactive question-and-answer benchmarks. However, theoretical work in the field suggests that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Jared Moore , Rasmus Overmark , Ned Cooper , Beba Cibralic , Nick Haber , Cameron R. Jones

Robust, faithful and harm-free pronoun use for individuals is an important goal for language model development as their use increases, but prior work tends to study only one or two of these characteristics at a time. To measure progress…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Vagrant Gautam , Eileen Bingert , Dawei Zhu , Anne Lauscher , Dietrich Klakow

While biases in large language models (LLMs), such as stereotypes and cultural tendencies in outputs, have been examined and identified, their presence and characteristics in spoken dialogue models (SDMs) with audio input and output remain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Yihao Wu , Tianrui Wang , Yizhou Peng , Yi-Wen Chao , Xuyi Zhuang , Xinsheng Wang , Shunshun Yin , Ziyang Ma

Incentives have surprisingly inconsistent effects when it comes to encouraging people to behave prosocially. Classical economic theory, according to which a specific behavior becomes more prevalent when it is rewarded, struggles to explain…

General Economics · Economics 2021-04-29 Caroline Graf , Eva-Maria Merz , Bianca Suanet , Pamala Wiepking

Persuasion aims at forming one's opinion and action via a series of persuasive messages containing persuader's strategies. Due to its potential application in persuasive dialogue systems, the task of persuasive strategy recognition has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-24 Hui Chen , Deepanway Ghosal , Navonil Majumder , Amir Hussain , Soujanya Poria

Large Language Models (LLMs) often produce explanations that do not faithfully reflect the factors driving their predictions. In healthcare settings, such unfaithfulness is especially problematic: explanations that omit salient clinical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Teague McMillan , Gabriele Dominici , Martin Gjoreski , Marc Langheinrich

We explore the ability of large language models (LLMs) to engage in subtle deception through strategically phrasing and intentionally manipulating information. This harmful behavior can be hard to detect, unlike blatant lying or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Atharvan Dogra , Krishna Pillutla , Ameet Deshpande , Ananya B Sai , John Nay , Tanmay Rajpurohit , Ashwin Kalyan , Balaraman Ravindran

The ability of reinforcement learning algorithms to learn effective policies is determined by the rewards available during training. However, for practical problems, obtaining large quantities of reward labels is often infeasible due to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Shreyas Chaudhari , Renhao Zhang , Philip S. Thomas , Bruno Castro da Silva

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized inference across diverse natural language tasks, with larger models performing better but at higher computational costs. We propose a confidence-driven strategy that dynamically selects the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Bo-Wei Chen , Chung-Chi Chen , An-Zi Yen

As large language models (LLMs) and LLM-based agents increasingly interact with humans in decision-making contexts, understanding the trust dynamics between humans and AI agents becomes a central concern. While considerable literature…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Valeria Lerman , Yaniv Dover

Political scientists are rapidly adopting large language models (LLMs) for text annotation, yet the sensitivity of annotation results to implementation choices remains poorly understood. Most evaluations test a single model or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Lorcan McLaren , James Cross , Zuzanna Krakowska , Robin Rauner , Martijn Schoonvelde

LLM self-explanations are often presented as a promising tool for AI oversight, yet their faithfulness to the model's true reasoning process is poorly understood. Existing faithfulness metrics have critical limitations, typically relying on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Harry Mayne , Justin Singh Kang , Dewi Gould , Kannan Ramchandran , Adam Mahdi , Noah Y. Siegel

This study presents PARROT (Persuasion and Agreement Robustness Rating of Output Truth), a robustness focused framework designed to measure the degradation in accuracy that occurs under social pressure exerted on users through authority and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Yusuf Çelebi , Özay Ezerceli , Mahmoud El Hussieni

Given the fast rise of increasingly autonomous artificial agents and robots, a key acceptability criterion will be the possible moral implications of their actions. In particular, intelligent persuasive systems (systems designed to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2014-04-16 Marco Guerini , Fabio Pianesi , Oliviero Stock

Learning reward models from pairwise comparisons is a fundamental component in a number of domains, including autonomous control, conversational agents, and recommendation systems, as part of a broad goal of aligning automated decisions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Junlin Wu , Jiongxiao Wang , Chaowei Xiao , Chenguang Wang , Ning Zhang , Yevgeniy Vorobeychik

With the wide-scale adoption of conversational AI systems, AI are now able to exert unprecedented influence on human opinion and beliefs. Recent work has shown that many Large Language Models (LLMs) comply with requests to persuade users…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Vincent Chang , Thee Ho , Sunishchal Dev , Kevin Zhu , Shi Feng , Kellin Pelrine , Matthew Kowal

Large language models are increasingly deployed as autonomous agents in multi-agent settings where they communicate intentions and take consequential actions with limited human oversight. A critical safety question is whether agents that…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Jerick Shi , Terry Jingcheng Zhang , Zhijing Jin , Vincent Conitzer

Can LLMs accurately adjust their confidence when facing opposition? Building on previous studies measuring calibration on static fact-based question-answering tasks, we evaluate Large Language Models (LLMs) in a dynamic, adversarial debate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Pradyumna Shyama Prasad , Minh Nhat Nguyen

Recently, scaling test-time compute on Large Language Models (LLM) has garnered wide attention. However, there has been limited investigation of how various reasoning prompting strategies perform as scaling. In this paper, we focus on a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Yexiang Liu , Zekun Li , Zhi Fang , Nan Xu , Ran He , Tieniu Tan

Large Language Models (LLMs) interact with millions of people worldwide in applications such as customer support, education and healthcare. However, their ability to produce deceptive outputs, whether intentionally or inadvertently, poses…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Marwa Abdulhai , Ryan Cheng , Aryansh Shrivastava , Natasha Jaques , Yarin Gal , Sergey Levine
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