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Evaluating Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems, especially in domain-specific contexts, requires benchmarks that address the distinctive requirements of the applicative scenario. Since real data can be hard to obtain, a common…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-23 Simone Filice , Guy Horowitz , David Carmel , Zohar Karnin , Liane Lewin-Eytan , Yoelle Maarek

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enhances large language models (LLMs) by integrating up-to-date external knowledge, yet real-world web environments present unique challenges. These limitations manifest as two key challenges: pervasive…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Yuqin Dai , Shuo Yang , Guoqing Wang , Yong Deng , Zhanwei Zhang , Jun Yin , Pengyu Zeng , Zhenzhe Ying , Changhua Meng , Can Yi , Yuchen Zhou , Weiqiang Wang , Shuai Lu

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enables large language models (LLMs) to access external knowledge sources, but the effectiveness of RAG relies on the coordination between the retriever and the generator. Since these components are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Junlin Wang , Zehao Wu , Shaowei Lu , Yanlan Li , Xinghao Huang

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a powerful solution to mitigate the limitations of Large Language Models (LLMs), such as hallucinations and outdated knowledge. However, deploying RAG-based tools in Small and Medium…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Mathieu Bourdin , Anas Neumann , Thomas Paviot , Robert Pellerin , Samir Lamouri

Recent advances in Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) have significantly improved response accuracy and relevance by incorporating external knowledge into Large Language Models (LLMs). However, existing RAG methods primarily focus on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Qinhan Yu , Zhiyou Xiao , Binghui Li , Zhengren Wang , Chong Chen , Wentao Zhang

Technical documents contain rich domain knowledge for automating downstream tasks such as system testing. While this paper focuses on Ethernet switch configuration manuals (ESCMs), we propose a general framework that can be adapted to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Rongqi Pan , Mahboubeh Dadkhah , Jean Baptiste Minani , Hussein Al Osman , Lionel Briand , Haiwei Dong

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for enhancing the capabilities of large language models. However, existing RAG evaluation predominantly focuses on text retrieval and relies on opaque, end-to-end…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Chuan Xu , Qiaosheng Chen , Yutong Feng , Gong Cheng

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) significantly improves the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) on knowledge-intensive tasks. However, varying response quality across LLMs under RAG necessitates intelligent routing mechanisms,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Jiarui Zhang , Xiangyu Liu , Yong Hu , Chaoyue Niu , Fan Wu , Guihai Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used for cybersecurity threat analysis, but their deployment in security-sensitive environments raises trust and safety concerns. With over 21,000 vulnerabilities disclosed in 2025, manual…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Reza Fayyazi , Michael Zuzak , Shanchieh Jay Yang

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is a popular technique for using large language models (LLMs) to build customer-support, question-answering solutions. In this paper, we share our team's practical experience building and maintaining…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Sarah Packowski , Inge Halilovic , Jenifer Schlotfeldt , Trish Smith

Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as the de facto industry standard for user-facing NLP applications, offering the ability to integrate data without re-training or fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs). This capability…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Lukas Ammann , Sara Ott , Christoph R. Landolt , Marco P. Lehmann

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is increasingly recognized as an effective approach to mitigating the hallucination of large language models (LLMs) through the integration of external knowledge. While numerous efforts, most studies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Shuo Yu , Mingyue Cheng , Qi Liu , Daoyu Wang , Jiqian Yang , Jie Ouyang , Yucong Luo , Chenyi Lei , Enhong Chen

InfluenceMap's LobbyMap Platform monitors the climate policy engagement of over 500 companies and 250 industry associations, assessing each entity's support or opposition to science-based policy pathways for achieving the Paris Agreement's…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Imene Kolli , Ario Saeid Vaghefi , Chiara Colesanti Senni , Shantam Raj , Markus Leippold

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) offers a cost-effective approach to injecting real-time knowledge into large language models (LLMs). Nevertheless, constructing and validating high-quality knowledge repositories require considerable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Xun Liang , Simin Niu , Zhiyu li , Sensen Zhang , Shichao Song , Hanyu Wang , Jiawei Yang , Feiyu Xiong , Bo Tang , Chenyang Xi

As large language models (LLMs) continue to grow in size, their abilities to tackle complex tasks have significantly improved. However, issues such as hallucination and the lack of up-to-date knowledge largely remain unresolved. Knowledge…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Lihui Liu

Knowledge Graph Embeddings (KGEs) have been intensively explored in recent years due to their promise for a wide range of applications. However, existing studies focus on improving the final model performance without acknowledging the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-25 Xutan Peng , Guanyi Chen , Chenghua Lin , Mark Stevenson

Sustainability reports are critical for ESG assessment, yet greenwashing and vague claims often undermine their reliability. Existing NLP models lack robustness to these practices, typically relying on surface-level patterns that generalize…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Neil Heinrich Braun , Keane Ong , Rui Mao , Erik Cambria , Gianmarco Mengaldo

Electronic Health Records (EHRs) provide rich longitudinal clinical evidence that is central to medical decision-making, motivating the use of retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) to ground large language model (LLM) predictions. However,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Lang Cao , Qingyu Chen , Yue Guo

This systematic review of the research literature on retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) provides a focused analysis of the most highly cited studies published between 2020 and May 2025. A total of 128 articles met our inclusion criteria.…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Andrew Brown , Muhammad Roman , Barry Devereux

Short answer assessment is a vital component of science education, allowing evaluation of students' complex three-dimensional understanding. Large language models (LLMs) that possess human-like ability in linguistic tasks are increasingly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Yucheng Chu , Peng He , Hang Li , Haoyu Han , Kaiqi Yang , Yu Xue , Tingting Li , Joseph Krajcik , Jiliang Tang