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The key-value (KV) cache is a foundational optimization in Transformer-based large language models (LLMs), eliminating redundant recomputation of past token representations during autoregressive generation. However, its memory footprint…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Yichun Xu , Navjot K. Khaira , Tejinder Singh

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly applied in long-context scenarios such as multi-turn conversations. However, long contexts pose significant challenges for inference efficiency, including high memory overhead from Key-Value…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Kuan Lu , Shuhang Lin , Sai Wu , Yichen Yao , Junhan Yang , Huan Li , Wei Chu , Xu Yinghui , Yuan Qi , Gang Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been widely deployed in a variety of applications, and the context length is rapidly increasing to handle tasks such as long-document QA and complex logical reasoning. However, long context poses…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Guangda Liu , Chengwei Li , Jieru Zhao , Chenqi Zhang , Minyi Guo

Recently the generative Large Language Model (LLM) has achieved remarkable success in numerous applications. Notably its inference generates output tokens one-by-one, leading to many redundant computations. The widely-used KV-Cache…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Weizhuo Li , Zhigang Wang , Yu Gu , Ge Yu

The expanding context windows in large language models (LLMs) have greatly enhanced their capabilities in various applications, but they also introduce significant challenges in maintaining low latency, particularly in Time to First Token…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Yi Xiong , Hao Wu , Changxu Shao , Ziqing Wang , Rui Zhang , Yuhong Guo , Junping Zhao , Ke Zhang , Zhenxuan Pan

Long-context reasoning is a critical capability of large language models (LLMs), enabling applications such as long-document understanding, summarization, and code generation. However, efficient autoregressive inference relies on the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Zahra Dehghanighobadi , Asja Fischer

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in scenarios demanding ultra-long context reasoning, such as agentic workflows and deep research understanding. However, long-context inference is constrained by the KV cache, a…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Jianlong Lei , Shashikant Ilager

Large Language Models (LLMs) require significant GPU memory when processing long texts, with the key value (KV) cache consuming up to 70\% of total memory during inference. Although existing compression methods reduce memory by evaluating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Xiang Liu , Zhenheng Tang , Peijie Dong , Zeyu Li , Yue Liu , Bo Li , Xuming Hu , Xiaowen Chu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized a wide range of domains such as natural language processing, computer vision, and multi-modal tasks due to their ability to comprehend context and perform logical reasoning. However, the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Haoyang Li , Yiming Li , Anxin Tian , Tianhao Tang , Zhanchao Xu , Xuejia Chen , Nicole Hu , Wei Dong , Qing Li , Lei Chen

Large language models (LLMs) rely on key-value (KV) caches for efficient autoregressive decoding; however, cache size grows linearly with context length and model depth, becoming a major bottleneck in long-context inference. Prior KV cache…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Dmitry Akulov , Mohamed Sana , Antonio De Domenico , Tareq Si Salem , Nicola Piovesan , Fadhel Ayed

Efficient key-value (KV) cache compression is critical for scaling transformer-based Large Language Models (LLMs) in long sequences and resource-limited settings. Existing methods evict tokens based on their positions or importance scores,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Ziwei He , Jian Yuan , Haoli Bai , Jingwen Leng , Bo Jiang

The Key-Value (KV) cache in generative large language models (LLMs) introduces substantial memory overhead. Existing works mitigate this burden by offloading or compressing the KV cache. However, loading the entire cache incurs significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Dingyu Yao , Bowen Shen , Zheng Lin , Wei Liu , Jian Luan , Bin Wang , Weiping Wang

How to efficiently serve LLMs in practice has become exceptionally challenging due to their prohibitive memory and computation requirements. In this study, we investigate optimizing the KV cache, whose memory footprint poses a critical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Akshat Sharma , Hangliang Ding , Jianping Li , Neel Dani , Minjia Zhang

Huge memory consumption has been a major bottleneck for deploying high-throughput large language models in real-world applications. In addition to the large number of parameters, the key-value (KV) cache for the attention mechanism in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Haoyi Wu , Kewei Tu

As Large Language Models (LLMs) scale to support context windows exceeding one million tokens, the linear growth of Key-Value (KV) cache imposes severe memory capacity and bandwidth bottlenecks, constraining the efficiency of long-context…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Zhirui Chen , Peiyang Liu , Ling Shao

Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable potential across a wide range of practical applications. However, long-context inference remains a significant challenge due to the substantial memory requirements…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Bo Jiang , Taolue Yang , Youyuan Liu , Xubin He , Sheng Di , Sian Jin

Key-Value (KV) cache plays a crucial role in accelerating inference in large language models (LLMs) by storing intermediate attention states and avoiding redundant computation during autoregressive generation. However, its memory footprint…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Yuzhen Mao , Qitong Wang , Martin Ester , Ke Li

While Key-Value (KV) cache succeeds in reducing redundant computations in auto-regressive models, it introduces significant memory overhead, limiting its practical deployment in long-sequence scenarios. Existing KV retrieval methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Wenbo Wu , Qingyi Si , Xiurui Pan , Ye Wang , Jie Zhang

Large language models face significant computational and memory challenges when processing long contexts. During inference, efficient management of the key-value (KV) cache, which stores intermediate activations for autoregressive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Yuxuan Zhu , Ali Falahati , David H. Yang , Mohammad Mohammadi Amiri

With the advancements in long-context inference capabilities of large language models (LLMs), the KV cache has become one of the foundational components. However, its substantial GPU memory consumption makes KV cache compression a key…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-28 Youhui Zuo , Sibo Wei , Chen Zhang , Zhuorui Liu , Wenpeng Lu , Dawei Song
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