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Code generation with large language models often relies on multi-stage human-in-the-loop refinement, which is effective but very costly - particularly in domains such as frontend web development where the solution quality depends on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Hannah Sansford , Derek H. C. Law , Wei Liu , Abhishek Tripathi , Niresh Agarwal , Gerrit J. J. van den Burg

Programming often involves converting detailed and complex specifications into code, a process during which developers typically utilize visual aids to more effectively convey concepts. While recent developments in Large Multimodal Models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Kaixin Li , Yuchen Tian , Qisheng Hu , Ziyang Luo , Zhiyong Huang , Jing Ma

Large language model agents that interact with PC applications often face limitations due to their singular mode of interaction with real-world environments, leading to restricted versatility and frequent hallucinations. To address this, we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Zirui Song , Yaohang Li , Meng Fang , Yanda Li , Zhenhao Chen , Zecheng Shi , Yuan Huang , Xiuying Chen , Ling Chen

Code debugging is a vital stage of software development, essential for ensuring the reliability and performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) in the code generation task. Human debugging typically follows a multi-stage process, which…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Weiqing Yang , Hanbin Wang , Zhenghao Liu , Xinze Li , Yukun Yan , Shuo Wang , Yu Gu , Minghe Yu , Zhiyuan Liu , Ge Yu

Recent advancements extend Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) beyond standard visual question answering to utilizing external tools for advanced visual tasks. Despite this progress, precisely executing and effectively composing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Xuanyu Zhu , Yuhao Dong , Rundong Wang , Yang Shi , Zhipeng Wu , Yinlun Peng , YiFan Zhang , Yihang Lou , Yuanxing Zhang , Ziwei Liu , Yan Bai , Yuan Zhou

Agents powered by large language models (LLMs) are increasingly adopted in the software industry, contributing code as collaborators or even autonomous developers. As their presence grows, it becomes important to assess the current…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Qixing Zhou , Jiacheng Zhang , Haiyang Wang , Rui Hao , Jiahe Wang , Minghao Han , Yuxue Yang , Shuzhe Wu , Feiyang Pan , Lue Fan , Dandan Tu , Zhaoxiang Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved strong results in code generation, but their ability to generate GUI applications, especially games, remains insufficiently studied. Existing benchmarks mainly evaluate correctness through test…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Zhiyuan Peng , Wei Tao , Xin Yin , Chenhao Ying , Yuan Luo , Yiwen Guo

The rapid advancement of multimodal large language models (MLLMs) has profoundly impacted the document domain, creating a wide array of application scenarios. This progress highlights the need for a comprehensive benchmark to evaluate these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Siqi Li , Yufan Shen , Xiangnan Chen , Jiayi Chen , Hengwei Ju , Haodong Duan , Song Mao , Hongbin Zhou , Bo Zhang , Bin Fu , Pinlong Cai , Licheng Wen , Botian Shi , Yong Liu , Xinyu Cai , Yu Qiao

UI-to-code aims to translate UI screenshots into executable front-end code. Despite progress with vision-language models (VLMs), most existing methods formulate UI-to-code as a single-pass generation, which mismatches real-world UI…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Zhen Yang , Wenyi Hong , Mingde Xu , Xinyue Fan , Weihan Wang , Jiale Cheng , Xiaotao Gu , Jie Tang

Graphical User Interface (GUI) grounding - the task of mapping natural language instructions to screen coordinates - is essential for autonomous agents and accessibility technologies. Existing systems rely on monolithic models or one-shot…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-18 SeokJoo Kwak , Jihoon Kim , Boyoun Kim , Jung Jae Yoon , Wooseok Jang , Jeonghoon Hong , Jaeho Yang , Yeong-Dae Kwon

In the realm of vision models, the primary mode of representation is using pixels to rasterize the visual world. Yet this is not always the best or unique way to represent visual content, especially for designers and artists who depict the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-30 Bocheng Zou , Mu Cai , Jianrui Zhang , Yong Jae Lee

Understanding large-scale, complex software systems is a major challenge for developers, who spend a significant portion of their time on program comprehension. Traditional tools such as static visualizations and reverse engineering…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Yoseph Berhanu Alebachew

Large language models (LLMs) have increasingly been applied to automatic programming code generation. This task can be viewed as a language generation task that bridges natural language, human knowledge, and programming logic. However, it…

The Graphical User Interface (GUI) plays a critical role in the interaction between users and mobile applications (apps), aiming at facilitating the operation process. However, due to the variety of functions and non-standardized design,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Mengxi Zhang , Huaxiao Liu , Chunyang Chen , Guangyong Gao , Han Li , Jian Zhao

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) such as GPT-4V and Gemini Pro face challenges in achieving human-level perception in Visual Question Answering (VQA), particularly in object-oriented perception tasks which demand fine-grained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Songtao Jiang , Yan Zhang , Chenyi Zhou , Yeying Jin , Yang Feng , Jian Wu , Zuozhu Liu

Block-based programming environments such as Scratch play a central role in low-code education, yet evaluating the capabilities of AI agents to construct programs through Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) remains underexplored. We introduce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Xingyi Zhang , Yulei Ye , Kaifeng Huang , Wenhao Li , Xiangfeng Wang

Graphical User Interface (GUI) element grounding (precisely locating elements on screenshots based on natural language instructions) is fundamental for agents interacting with GUIs. Deploying this capability directly on resource-constrained…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Hongxin Li , Yuntao Chen , Zhaoxiang Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly relied upon for coding tasks, yet in most scenarios it is assumed that all relevant information can be either accessed in context or matches their training data. We posit that LLMs can benefit…

We introduce a new benchmark, LLF-Bench (Learning from Language Feedback Benchmark; pronounced as "elf-bench"), to evaluate the ability of AI agents to interactively learn from natural language feedback and instructions. Learning from…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-14 Ching-An Cheng , Andrey Kolobov , Dipendra Misra , Allen Nie , Adith Swaminathan

While Vision Language Models (VLMs) have shown promise in Design-to-Code generation, they suffer from a "holistic bottleneck-failing to reconcile high-level structural hierarchy with fine-grained visual details, often resulting in layout…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Xinhao Huang , Jinke Yu , Wenhao Xu , Zeyi Wen , Ying Zhou , Junzhuo Liu , Junhao Ji , Zulong Chen