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Symbolic music analysis tasks are often performed by models originally developed for Natural Language Processing, such as Transformers. Such models require the input data to be represented as sequences, which is achieved through a process…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-01-09 Dinh-Viet-Toan Le , Louis Bigo , Mikaela Keller

Symbolic music is widely used in various deep learning tasks, including generation, transcription, synthesis, and Music Information Retrieval (MIR). It is mostly employed with discrete models like Transformers, which require music to be…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-10-13 Nathan Fradet , Nicolas Gutowski , Fabien Chhel , Jean-Pierre Briot

To apply neural sequence models such as the Transformers to music generation tasks, one has to represent a piece of music by a sequence of tokens drawn from a finite set of pre-defined vocabulary. Such a vocabulary usually involves tokens…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-01-08 Wen-Yi Hsiao , Jen-Yu Liu , Yin-Cheng Yeh , Yi-Hsuan Yang

Subword tokenization has been widely successful in text-based natural language processing (NLP) tasks with Transformer-based models. As Transformer models become increasingly popular in symbolic music-related studies, it is imperative to…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-04-26 Adarsh Kumar , Pedro Sarmento

Symbolic music generation faces a fundamental trade-off between efficiency and quality. Fine-grained tokenizations achieve strong coherence but incur long sequences and high complexity, while compact tokenizations improve efficiency at the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Ting-Kang Wang , Chih-Pin Tan , Yi-Hsuan Yang

In this paper, we explore the tokenized representation of musical scores using the Transformer model to automatically generate musical scores. Thus far, sequence models have yielded fruitful results with note-level (MIDI-equivalent)…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-12-02 Masahiro Suzuki

Recent advances in explainable recommendations have explored the integration of language models to analyze natural language rationales for user-item interactions. Despite their potential, existing methods often rely on ID-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Xinshun Feng , Mingzhe Liu , Yi Qiao , Tongyu Zhu , Leilei Sun , Shuai Wang

Automatic music transcription converts audio recordings into symbolic representations, facilitating music analysis, retrieval, and generation. A musical note is characterized by pitch, onset, and offset in an audio domain, whereas it is…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Leekyung Kim , Sungwook Jeon , Wan Heo , Jonghun Park

When used with deep learning, the symbolic music modality is often coupled with language model architectures. To do so, the music needs to be tokenized, i.e. converted into a sequence of discrete tokens. This can be achieved by different…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Nathan Fradet , Nicolas Gutowski , Fabien Chhel , Jean-Pierre Briot

We propose a transformer-based rhythm quantization model that incorporates beat and downbeat information to quantize MIDI performances into metrically-aligned, human-readable scores. We propose a beat-based preprocessing method that…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Maximilian Wachter , Sebastian Murgul , Michael Heizmann

In this paper, we consider the problem of probabilistically modelling symbolic music data. We introduce a representation which reduces polyphonic music to a univariate categorical sequence. In this way, we are able to apply state of the art…

Sound · Computer Science 2016-06-07 Christian Walder

A great number of deep learning based models have been recently proposed for automatic music composition. Among these models, the Transformer stands out as a prominent approach for generating expressive classical piano performance with a…

Sound · Computer Science 2020-08-11 Yu-Siang Huang , Yi-Hsuan Yang

This paper focuses on the nominal durations of musical events (notes and rests) in a symbolic musical score, and on how to conveniently handle these in computer applications. We propose the usage of a temporal unit that is directly related…

We consider the problem of learning high-level controls over the global structure of generated sequences, particularly in the context of symbolic music generation with complex language models. In this work, we present the Transformer…

Sound · Computer Science 2020-07-01 Kristy Choi , Curtis Hawthorne , Ian Simon , Monica Dinculescu , Jesse Engel

Music exists in various modalities, such as score images, symbolic scores, MIDI, and audio. Translations between each modality are established as core tasks of music information retrieval, such as automatic music transcription…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Jongmin Jung , Dongmin Kim , Sihun Lee , Seola Cho , Hyungjoon Soh , Irmak Bukey , Chris Donahue , Dasaem Jeong

Definitive embeddings remain a fundamental challenge of computational musicology for symbolic music in deep learning today. Analogous to natural language, music can be modeled as a sequence of tokens. This motivates the majority of existing…

Sound · Computer Science 2020-10-19 Hongru Liang , Wenqiang Lei , Paul Yaozhu Chan , Zhenglu Yang , Maosong Sun , Tat-Seng Chua

Symbolic music representation is a fundamental challenge in computational musicology. While grid-based representations effectively preserve pitch-time spatial correspondence, their inherent data sparsity leads to low encoding efficiency.…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Lekai Qian , Haoyu Gu , Dehan Li , Boyu Cao , Qi Liu

Existing approaches for generating multitrack music with transformer models have been limited in terms of the number of instruments, the length of the music segments and slow inference. This is partly due to the memory requirements of the…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-05-26 Hao-Wen Dong , Ke Chen , Shlomo Dubnov , Julian McAuley , Taylor Berg-Kirkpatrick

Representing symbolic music with compound tokens, where each token consists of several different sub-tokens representing a distinct musical feature or attribute, offers the advantage of reducing sequence length. While previous research has…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-03-17 HaeJun Yoo , Hao-Wen Dong , Jongmin Jung , Dasaem Jeong

We present a unified framework for automatic multitrack music arrangement that enables a single pre-trained symbolic music model to handle diverse arrangement scenarios, including reinterpretation, simplification, and additive generation.…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Longshen Ou , Jingwei Zhao , Ziyu Wang , Gus Xia , Qihao Liang , Torin Hopkins Ye Wang
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