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Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promise in clinical decision support, yet their application to triage remains underexplored. We systematically investigate the capabilities of LLMs in emergency department triage through two key…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Joseph Lee , Tianqi Shang , Jae Young Baik , Duy Duong-Tran , Shu Yang , Lingyao Li , Li Shen

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in high-stakes decision-making contexts. While prior work has shown that LLMs exhibit cognitive biases behaviorally, whether these biases correspond to identifiable internal…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Fan Huang , Songheng Zhang , Haewoon Kwak , Jisun An

One of the goals of fairness research in NLP is to measure and mitigate stereotypical biases that are propagated by NLP systems. However, such work tends to focus on single axes of bias (most often gender) and the English language.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Elisa Forcada Rodríguez , Olatz Perez-de-Viñaspre , Jon Ander Campos , Dietrich Klakow , Vagrant Gautam

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been shown to contain biases in the process of integrating conflicting information when answering questions. Here we ask whether such biases also exist with respect to which language is used for each…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Robert Östling , Murathan Kurfalı

Large Language Models (LLMs) offer a lucrative promise for scalable content moderation, including hate speech detection. However, they are also known to be brittle and biased against marginalised communities and dialects. This requires…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Ananya Malik , Kartik Sharma , Shaily Bhatt , Lynnette Hui Xian Ng

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in multilingual and multicultural environments where moral reasoning is essential for generating ethically appropriate responses. Yet, the dominant pretraining of LLMs on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Sualeha Farid , Jayden Lin , Zean Chen , Shivani Kumar , David Jurgens

Multilingual language models (LMs) promise broader NLP access, yet current systems deliver uneven performance across the world's languages. This survey examines why these gaps persist and whether they reflect intrinsic linguistic difficulty…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Chen Shani , Yuval Reif , Nathan Roll , Dan Jurafsky , Ekaterina Shutova

As large language models (LLMs) gain traction in healthcare, concerns about their susceptibility to demographic biases are growing. We introduce {DiversityMedQA}, a novel benchmark designed to assess LLM responses to medical queries across…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Rajat Rawat , Hudson McBride , Dhiyaan Nirmal , Rajarshi Ghosh , Jong Moon , Dhruv Alamuri , Sean O'Brien , Kevin Zhu

Large reasoning models (LRMs) achieve strong performance on mathematical reasoning tasks, often attributed to their capability to generate explicit chain-of-thought (CoT) explanations. However, recent work shows that LRMs often arrive at…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Yihong Liu , Raoyuan Zhao , Hinrich Schütze , Michael A. Hedderich

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance in various NLP tasks, but they still suffer from challenges such as hallucination and weak numerical reasoning. To overcome these challenges, external tools can be used…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-26 Yuchen Zhuang , Yue Yu , Kuan Wang , Haotian Sun , Chao Zhang

Recent work in benchmarking bias and fairness in speech large language models (SpeechLLMs) has relied heavily on multiple-choice question answering (MCQA) formats. The model is tasked to choose between stereotypical, anti-stereotypical, or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Shree Harsha Bokkahalli Satish , Gustav Eje Henter , Éva Székely

This paper studies the performance of large language models (LLMs), particularly regarding demographic fairness, in solving real-world healthcare tasks. We evaluate state-of-the-art LLMs with three prevalent learning frameworks across six…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Yue Zhou , Barbara Di Eugenio , Lu Cheng

Multilingual pretrained language models (MPLMs) exhibit multilinguality and are well suited for transfer across languages. Most MPLMs are trained in an unsupervised fashion and the relationship between their objective and multilinguality is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-17 Sheng Liang , Philipp Dufter , Hinrich Schütze

Amidst the rapid advances of large language models (LLMs), most LLMs still struggle with mixed-language inputs, limited Codeswitching (CSW) datasets, and evaluation biases, which hinder their deployment in multilingual societies. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Rajvee Sheth , Samridhi Raj Sinha , Mahavir Patil , Himanshu Beniwal , Mayank Singh

Causal learning is the cognitive process of developing the capability of making causal inferences based on available information, often guided by normative principles. This process is prone to errors and biases, such as the illusion of…

Pretrained language models (PLMs) are key components in NLP, but they contain strong social biases. Quantifying these biases is challenging because current methods focusing on fill-the-mask objectives are sensitive to slight changes in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Abdullatif Köksal , Omer Faruk Yalcin , Ahmet Akbiyik , M. Tahir Kilavuz , Anna Korhonen , Hinrich Schütze

While preliminary findings indicate that multilingual LLMs exhibit reduced bias compared to monolingual ones, a comprehensive understanding of the effect of multilingual training on bias mitigation, is lacking. This study addresses this gap…

While large language models (LLMs) perform strongly on diverse tasks, their trustworthiness is limited by erratic behavior that is unfaithful to their internal knowledge. In particular, LLMs often fail on multiple-choice questions (MCQs)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Yoonah Park , Haesung Pyun , Yohan Jo

We ask whether multilingual language models trained on unbalanced, English-dominated corpora use English as an internal pivot language -- a question of key importance for understanding how language models function and the origins of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Chris Wendler , Veniamin Veselovsky , Giovanni Monea , Robert West

The success of Large Language Models (LLMs) relies heavily on the huge amount of pre-training data learned in the pre-training phase. The opacity of the pre-training process and the training data causes the results of many benchmark tests…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Shiwen Ni , Xiangtao Kong , Chengming Li , Xiping Hu , Ruifeng Xu , Jia Zhu , Min Yang