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To balance effectiveness and efficiency in recommender systems, multi-stage pipelines employ lightweight two-tower models for large-scale candidate retrieval. However, their isolated architecture inherently hampers representation capacity,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Lixiang Wang , Shaoyun Shi , Peng Wang , Wenjin Wu , Peng Jiang

In large-scale ranking systems, cascading architectures have been widely adopted to achieve a balance between efficiency and effectiveness. The pre-ranking module plays a vital role in selecting a subset of candidates for the subsequent…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-07-18 YaChen Yan , Liubo Li

In current large-scale distributed key-value stores, a single end-user request may lead to key-value access across tens or hundreds of servers. The tail latency of these key-value accesses is crucial to the user experience and greatly…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2017-02-28 Wanchun Jiang , Liyuan Fang , Haiming Xie , Xiangqian Zhou , Jianxin Wang

Two-tower models are widely adopted in the industrial-scale matching stage across a broad range of application domains, such as content recommendations, advertisement systems, and search engines. This model efficiently handles large-scale…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Yihan Wang , Fei Xiong , Zhexin Han , Qi Song , Kaiqiao Zhan , Ben Wang

Group recommendation aims to recommend tailored items to groups of users, where the key challenge is modeling a consensus that reflects member preferences. Although several existing deep learning models have achieved performance…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Soyoung Kim , Dongjun Lee , Jaekwang Kim

Dense retrieval has become the industry standard in large-scale information retrieval systems due to its high efficiency and competitive accuracy. Its core relies on a coarse-to-fine hierarchical architecture that enables rapid candidate…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Huimu Wang , Yiming Qiu , Xingzhi Yao , Zhiguo Chen , Guoyu Tang , Songlin Wang , Sulong Xu , Mingming Li

Large-scale Ads recommendation and auction scoring models at Google scale demand immense computational resources. While specialized hardware like TPUs have improved linear algebra computations, bottlenecks persist in large-scale systems.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-01-22 George Kurian , Somayeh Sardashti , Ryan Sims , Felix Berger , Gary Holt , Yang Li , Jeremiah Willcock , Kaiyuan Wang , Herve Quiroz , Abdulrahman Salem , Julian Grady

Scoring a large number of candidates precisely in several milliseconds is vital for industrial pre-ranking systems. Existing pre-ranking systems primarily adopt the \textbf{two-tower} model since the ``user-item decoupling architecture''…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-10-19 Xiangyang Li , Bo Chen , HuiFeng Guo , Jingjie Li , Chenxu Zhu , Xiang Long , Sujian Li , Yichao Wang , Wei Guo , Longxia Mao , Jinxing Liu , Zhenhua Dong , Ruiming Tang

Cross-network recommender systems use auxiliary information from multiple source networks to create holistic user profiles and improve recommendations in a target network. However, we find two major limitations in existing cross-network…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-04 Dilruk Perera , Roger Zimmermann

Large-scale recommendation systems often adopt cascading architecture consisting of retrieval, pre-ranking, ranking, and re-ranking stages. With strict latency requirements, pre-ranking utilizes lightweight models to perform a preliminary…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Binglei Zhao , Houying Qi , Guang Xu , Mian Ma , Xiwei Zhao , Feng Mei , Sulong Xu , Jinghe Hu

Modern recommendation and search systems typically employ multi-stage ranking architectures to efficiently handle billions of candidates. The conventional approach uses distinct L1 (candidate retrieval) and L2 (re-ranking) models with…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-05-08 Ayoub Abraich

Building large-scale e-commerce recommendation systems requires addressing three key technical challenges: (1) designing a universal recommendation architecture across dozens of placements, (2) decreasing excessive maintenance costs, and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Aleksandra Osowska-Kurczab , Klaudia Nazarko , Mateusz Marzec , Lidia Wojciechowska , Eliška Kremeňová

Photonic computing promises ultrafast and energy-efficient artificial intelligence. However, existing photonic neural networks (PNNs) remain functionally shallow and difficult to scale. Here we establish a theory-guided framework showing…

Optics · Physics 2026-02-25 Yuxin Sun , Chun Gao , Jin Xie , Pan Wang , Zejie Yu , Yiwei Xie , Huan Li , Daoxin Dai

This paper considers the reading comprehension task in which multiple documents are given as input. Prior work has shown that a pipeline of retriever, reader, and reranker can improve the overall performance. However, the pipeline system is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-12 Minghao Hu , Yuxing Peng , Zhen Huang , Dongsheng Li

We study a mismatch between the deep learning recommendation models' flat architecture, common distributed training paradigm and hierarchical data center topology. To address the associated inefficiencies, we propose Disaggregated…

Recommender systems today have become an essential component of any commercial website. Collaborative filtering approaches, and Matrix Factorization (MF) techniques in particular, are widely used in recommender systems. However, the natural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-15 Meshal Alfarhood , Jianlin Cheng

The explosively growing communication traffic in datacenters imposes increasingly stringent performance requirements on the underlying networks. Over the last years, researchers have developed innovative optical switching technologies that…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Johannes Zerwas , Chen Griner , Stefan Schmid , Chen Avin

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable text generation capabilities. However, controlling specific attributes of generated text remains challenging without architectural modifications or extensive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Yu Li , Zhe Yang , Yi Huang , Xin Liu , Guilin Qi

Two-tower models are a prevalent matching framework for recommendation, which have been widely deployed in industrial applications. The success of two-tower matching attributes to its efficiency in retrieval among a large number of items,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-12-01 Liangcai Su , Fan Yan , Jieming Zhu , Xi Xiao , Haoyi Duan , Zhou Zhao , Zhenhua Dong , Ruiming Tang

Route recommendation systems commonly adopt a multi-stage pipeline involving fine-ranking and re-ranking to produce high-quality ordered recommendations. However, this paradigm faces three critical limitations. First, there is a…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Chao Chen , Longfei Xu , Daohan Su , Tengfei Liu , Hanyu Guo , Yihai Duan , Kaikui Liu , Xiangxiang Chu
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