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Detecting Graphical User Interface (GUI) elements in GUI images is a domain-specific object detection task. It supports many software engineering tasks, such as GUI animation and testing, GUI search and code generation. Existing studies for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-09-08 Jieshan Chen , Mulong Xie , Zhenchang Xing , Chunyang Chen , Xiwei Xu , Liming Zhu , Guoqiang Li

Mobile Graphical User Interface (GUI) World Models (WMs) offer a promising path for improving mobile GUI agent performance at train- and inference-time. However, current approaches face a critical trade-off: text-based WMs sacrifice visual…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Woosung Koh , Sungjun Han , Segyu Lee , Se-Young Yun , Jamin Shin

Recent years have witnessed a rapid development of mobile GUI agents powered by large language models (LLMs), which can autonomously execute diverse device-control tasks based on natural language instructions. The increasing accuracy of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Guohong Liu , Jialei Ye , Jiacheng Liu , Yuanchun Li , Wei Liu , Pengzhi Gao , Jian Luan , Yunxin Liu

The inception of a mobile app often takes form of a mock-up of the Graphical User Interface (GUI), represented as a static image delineating the proper layout and style of GUI widgets that satisfy requirements. Following this initial…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-04-09 Kevin Moran , Boyang Li , Carlos Bernal-Cárdenas , Dan Jelf , Denys Poshyvanyk

Background. Evidence suggests that mobile applications are not thoroughly tested as their desktop counterparts. In particular GUI testing is generally limited. Like web-based applications, mobile apps suffer from GUI test fragility, i.e.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-11-13 Riccardo Coppola , Maurizio Morisio , Marco Torchiano

With the rise of mobile-first consumption, users increasingly engage with data visualizations on mobile devices. However, the vast majority of existing visualizations are originally authored for desktop environments. Due to significant…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Can Liu , Sizhe Cheng , Feng Liang , Zhibang Jiang , Lingru Huang , Kavinda Athapaththu , Yong Wang

Desktop GUI agents operate under partial observability: visually similar screens can correspond to different underlying workflow states, so locally plausible actions can lead to sharply different outcomes. We frame this as a problem of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Michael Solodko , Justin Wagle

A central bottleneck for phone-use agents is that controllable, reproducible environments covering real mobile behavior are hard to build at scale. Existing mobile-agent benchmarks have made important progress on evaluation, but they do not…

GUI is a bridge connecting user and application. Existing GUI testing tasks can be categorized into two groups: functionality testing and compatibility testing. While the functionality testing focuses on detecting application runtime bugs,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-12-29 Jiaming Ye , Mulong Xie , Siyuan Chen , Fuyuan Zhang , Lei Ma , Zhenchang Xing , Jianjun Zhao

Current benchmarks for graphical user interface (GUI) agents predominantly rely on static screenshots. However, real-world smartphone interaction routinely requires agents to process transient audio cues and temporal video dynamics that are…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Felix Henry , Xiaochen Lin , Jiangyou Zhu , Yangfan , Bingqian Zhang , Min Chen , Shiyu Huang

To ensure app compatibility and smoothness of user experience across diverse devices and platforms, developers have to perform cross-device, cross-platform testing of their apps, which is laborious. There comes a recently increasing trend…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-05-25 Mulong Xie , Jiaming Ye , Zhenchang Xing , Lei Ma

As GUI agents increasingly rely on screenshots to perceive and operate digital environments, they may inadvertently expose sensitive information such as identities, accounts, locations, and behavioral traces. While existing benchmarks…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Yanxi Wang , Zhiling Zhang , Wenbo Zhou , Weiming Zhang , Jie Zhang , Qiannan Zhu , Yu Shi , Shuxin Zheng , Jiyan He

Context: Albeit different approaches exist for automated GUI testing of hybrid mobile applications, the practice appears to be not so commonly adopted by developers. A possible reason for such a low diffusion can be the fragility of the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-07-30 Riccardo Coppola , Luca Ardito , Marco Torchiano

The assurance of mobile app GUI has become increasingly important, as the GUI serves as the primary medium of interaction between users and apps. Although numerous automated GUI testing approaches have been developed with diverse…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Shengcheng Yu , Yuchen Ling , Chunrong Fang , Quan Zhou , Yi Zhao , Chunyang Chen , Shaomin Zhu , Zhenyu Chen

Mobile app GUI (Graphical User Interface) pages now contain rich visual information, with the visual semantics of each page helping users understand the application logic. However, these complex visual and functional logic present new…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Zhe Liu , Cheng Li , Chunyang Chen , Junjie Wang , Mengzhuo Chen , Boyu Wu , Yawen Wang , Jun Hu , Qing Wang

Mobile GUI agents have shown strong potential in real-world automation and practical applications. However, most existing agents remain reactive, making decisions mainly from current screen, which limits their performance on long-horizon…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Yilin Cao , Yufeng Zhong , Zhixiong Zeng , Liming Zheng , Jing Huang , Haibo Qiu , Peng Shi , Wenji Mao , Wan Guanglu

Video-based bug reports are increasingly being used to document bugs for programs centered around a graphical user interface (GUI). However, developing automated techniques to manage video-based reports is challenging as it requires…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Yanfu Yan , Nathan Cooper , Oscar Chaparro , Kevin Moran , Denys Poshyvanyk

Mobile GUI agents show promise in automating tasks but face generalization challenges in diverse real-world scenarios. Traditional approaches using pre-training or fine-tuning with massive datasets struggle with the diversity of mobile…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Guangyi Liu , Pengxiang Zhao , Liang Liu , Zhiming Chen , Yuxiang Chai , Shuai Ren , Hao Wang , Shibo He , Wenchao Meng

The demand for quality in mobile applications has increased greatly given users' high reliance on them for daily tasks. Developers work tirelessly to ensure that their applications are both functional and user-friendly. In pursuit of this,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Safwat Ali Khan

As mobile application (app) functionalities grow increasingly complex and their iterations accelerate, ensuring high reliability presents significant challenges. While functionality-oriented GUI testing has attracted growing research…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Jinlong He , Changwei Xia , Binru Huang , Jiwei Yan , Jun Yan , Jian Zhang