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Vision-language models suffer performance degradation under domain shift, limiting real-world applicability. Existing test-time adaptation methods are computationally intensive, rely on back-propagation, and often focus on single…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Yi Zhang , Chun-Wun Cheng , Angelica I. Aviles-Rivero , Zhihai He , Liang-Jie Zhang

Test-time adaptation (TTA) offers a compelling remedy for machine learning (ML) models that degrade under domain shifts, improving generalisation on-the-fly with only unlabelled samples. This flexibility suits real deployments, yet…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Sudarshan Sreeram , Young D. Kwon , Cecilia Mascolo

In this paper, we aim to unveil the impact of data augmentation in audio-language multi-modal learning, which has not been explored despite its importance. We explore various augmentation methods at not only train-time but also test-time…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Eungbeom Kim , Jinhee Kim , Yoori Oh , Kyungsu Kim , Minju Park , Jaeheon Sim , Jinwoo Lee , Kyogu Lee

Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) aims to mitigate distributional shifts between training and test domains during inference time. However, existing TTA methods fall short in the realistic scenario where models face both continually changing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Yingkai Yang , Chaoqi Chen , Hui Huang

The ability to accurately comprehend natural language instructions and navigate to the target location is essential for an embodied agent. Such agents are typically required to execute user instructions in an online manner, leading us to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Junyu Gao , Xuan Yao , Changsheng Xu

Conventional test-time adaptation (TTA) approaches typically adapt the model using only a small fraction of test samples, often those with low-entropy predictions, thereby failing to fully leverage the available information in the test…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Nam Nguyen Phuong , Duc Nguyen The Minh , Phi Le Nguyen , Ehsan Abbasnejad , Minh Hoai

Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) for black-box models accessible only via APIs remains a largely unexplored challenge. Existing approaches such as post-hoc output refinement offer limited adaptive capacity, while Zeroth-Order Optimization (ZOO)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Yunbei Zhang , Shuaicheng Niu , Chengyi Cai , Feng Liu , Jihun Hamm

Next-generation Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) communication networks must maintain reliable connectivity under rapid topology changes, fluctuating link quality, and time-critical data exchange. Existing topology control methods rely on…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Huixiang Zhang , Mahzabeen Emu , Octavia A. Dobre

Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) offers a practical solution for deploying image segmentation models under domain shift without accessing source data or retraining. Among existing TTA strategies, pseudo-label-based methods have shown promising…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Jianghao Wu , Xiangde Luo , Yubo Zhou , Lianming Wu , Guotai Wang , Shaoting Zhang

Test-time adaptation (TTA) aims to adapt a pre-trained model to a new test domain without access to source data after deployment. Existing approaches typically rely on self-training with pseudo-labels since ground-truth cannot be obtained…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Yeonguk Yu , Sungho Shin , Seunghyeok Back , Minhwan Ko , Sangjun Noh , Kyoobin Lee

Developing a unified multilingual model has long been a pursuit for machine translation. However, existing approaches suffer from performance degradation -- a single multilingual model is inferior to separately trained bilingual ones on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Yaoming Zhu , Jiangtao Feng , Chengqi Zhao , Mingxuan Wang , Lei Li

Real-world systems often encounter new data over time, which leads to experiencing target domain shifts. Existing Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) methods tend to apply computationally heavy and memory-intensive backpropagation-based approaches…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-26 Yanshuo Wang , Ali Cheraghian , Zeeshan Hayder , Jie Hong , Sameera Ramasinghe , Shafin Rahman , David Ahmedt-Aristizabal , Xuesong Li , Lars Petersson , Mehrtash Harandi

Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTTA) aims to empower perception systems to handle dynamic distribution shifts encountered after deployment. Existing methods predominantly follow a backward-alignment paradigm, which rigidly aligns incoming…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Zhilin Zhu , Yabin Wang , Zhiheng Ma , Yaguang Song , Yaowei Wang , Xiaopeng Hong

Despite the recent progress in deep learning based computer vision, domain shifts are still one of the major challenges. Semantic segmentation for autonomous driving faces a wide range of domain shifts, e.g. caused by changing weather…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Manuel Schwonberg , Claus Werner , Hanno Gottschalk , Carsten Meyer

Test-time adaptation (TTA) refers to adapting neural networks to distribution shifts, with access to only the unlabeled test samples from the new domain at test-time. Prior TTA methods optimize over unsupervised objectives such as the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-24 Sachin Goyal , Mingjie Sun , Aditi Raghunathan , Zico Kolter

Accurate aircraft trajectory prediction (TP) in air traffic management systems is confounded by a number of epistemic uncertainties, dominated by uncertain meteorological conditions and operator specific procedures. Handling this…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-21 Amy Hodgkin , Nick Pepper , Marc Thomas

Navigating under non-stationary environment shifts poses a critical challenge for a Vision-and-Language Navigation (VLN) agent deployed in the wild. Yet, existing Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) methods for VLN largely treat online adaptation as…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Zixuan Hu , Xuantuo Huang , Yancheng Li , Yichun Hu , Shengyong Xu , Ling-Yu Duan

Despite the trend towards ubiquitous wireless connectivity, there are scenarios where the communications infrastructure is damaged and wireless coverage is insufficient or does not exist, such as in natural disasters and temporary crowded…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-07-14 Ruben Queiros , Jose Ruela , Helder Fontes , Rui Campos

Deep neural networks have achieved remarkable success in a variety of computer vision applications. However, there is a problem of degrading accuracy when the data distribution shifts between training and testing. As a solution of this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-27 Shohei Enomoto , Naoya Hasegawa , Kazuki Adachi , Taku Sasaki , Shin'ya Yamaguchi , Satoshi Suzuki , Takeharu Eda

Pretrained VLMs exhibit strong zero-shot classification capabilities, but their predictions degrade significantly under common image corruptions. To improve robustness, many test-time adaptation (TTA) methods adopt positive data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Ruxi Deng , Wenxuan Bao , Tianxin Wei , Jingrui He