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Related papers: LegalBench-BR: A Benchmark for Evaluating Large La…

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Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit significant performance variations depending on the linguistic and cultural context in which they are applied. This disparity signals the necessity of mature evaluation frameworks that can assess their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Thales Sales Almeida , Giovana Kerche Bonás , João Guilherme Alves Santos

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance in the legal domain, with GPT-4 even passing the Uniform Bar Exam in the U.S. However their efficacy remains limited for non-standardized tasks and tasks in languages…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Yeeun Kim , Young Rok Choi , Eunkyung Choi , Jinhwan Choi , Hai Jin Park , Wonseok Hwang

While large language models (LLMs) have become the de facto framework for literature-related tasks, they still struggle to function as domain-specific literature agents due to their inability to connect pieces of knowledge and reason across…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Andreas Varvarigos , Ali Maatouk , Jiasheng Zhang , Ngoc Bui , Jialin Chen , Leandros Tassiulas , Rex Ying

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used as evaluators of reasoning quality, yet their reliability and bias in payments-risk settings remain poorly understood. We introduce a structured multi-evaluator framework for assessing LLM…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Liang Wang , Junpeng Wang , Chin-chia Michael Yeh , Yan Zheng , Jiarui Sun , Xiran Fan , Xin Dai , Yujie Fan , Yiwei Cai

Evaluating Large Language Models (LLMs) in open-ended scenarios is challenging because existing benchmarks and metrics can not measure them comprehensively. To address this problem, we propose to fine-tune LLMs as scalable judges (JudgeLM)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Lianghui Zhu , Xinggang Wang , Xinlong Wang

We present a benchmark suite of four datasets for evaluating the fairness of pre-trained language models and the techniques used to fine-tune them for downstream tasks. Our benchmarks cover four jurisdictions (European Council, USA,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-15 Ilias Chalkidis , Tommaso Pasini , Sheng Zhang , Letizia Tomada , Sebastian Felix Schwemer , Anders Søgaard

Can low-cost large language models (LLMs) take over the interpretive coding work that still anchors much of empirical content analysis? This paper introduces ContentBench, a public benchmark suite that helps answer this replacement question…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Michael Haman

The application of Natural Language Processing (NLP) to specialized domains, such as the law, has recently received a surge of interest. As many legal services rely on processing and analyzing large collections of documents, automating such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-19 Wenyue Hua , Yuchen Zhang , Zhe Chen , Josie Li , Melanie Weber

This study introduces a framework for evaluating consistency in large language model (LLM) binary text classification, addressing the lack of established reliability assessment methods. Adapting psychometric principles, we determine sample…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Fadel M. Megahed , Ying-Ju Chen , L. Allision Jones-Farmer , Younghwa Lee , Jiawei Brooke Wang , Inez M. Zwetsloot

The rapid growth of biomedical literature poses challenges for manual knowledge curation and synthesis. Biomedical Natural Language Processing (BioNLP) automates the process. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promise in general…

We present and make available pre-trained language models (Phraser, Word2Vec, Doc2Vec, FastText, and BERT) for the Brazilian legal language, a Python package with functions to facilitate their use, and a set of demonstrations/tutorials…

The legal field already uses various large language models (LLMs) in actual applications, but their quantitative performance and reasons for it are underexplored. We evaluated several open-source and proprietary LLMs -- including…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Bhakti Khera , Rezvan Alamian , Pascal A. Scherz , Stephan M. Goetz

Research on Large Language Models (LLMs) has recently witnessed an increasing interest in extending the models' context size to better capture dependencies within long documents. While benchmarks have been proposed to assess long-range…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-20 Thibaut Thonet , Jos Rozen , Laurent Besacier

Recent advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI) have leveraged promising results in solving complex problems in the area of Natural Language Processing (NLP), being an important tool to help in the expeditious resolution of judicial…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-12 Raphael Souza de Oliveira , Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento

Until recently, fine-tuned BERT-like models provided state-of-the-art performance on text classification tasks. With the rise of instruction-tuned decoder-only models, commonly known as large language models (LLMs), the field has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Taja Kuzman Pungeršek , Peter Rupnik , Ivan Porupski , Vuk Dinić , Nikola Ljubešić

In recent years, Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable versatility across various applications, including natural language understanding, domain-specific knowledge tasks, etc. However, applying LLMs to complex,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Xinqi Yang , Scott Zang , Yong Ren , Dingjie Peng , Zheng Wen

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) and medical LLMs (Med-LLMs) have demonstrated strong performance on general medical benchmarks. However, their capabilities in specialized medical fields, such as dentistry which require…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Hengchuan Zhu , Yihuan Xu , Yichen Li , Zijie Meng , Zuozhu Liu

Three publicly-available LLM specifically designed for legal tasks have been implemented and shown that classification accuracy can benefit from training over legal corpora, but why and how? Here we use two publicly-available legal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-30 Richard K. Belew

In this report, we introduce our first-generation reasoning model, LexPro-1.0, a large language model designed for the highly specialized Chinese legal domain, offering comprehensive capabilities to meet diverse realistic needs. Existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Haotian Chen , Yanyu Xu , Boyan Wang , Chaoyue Zhao , Xiaoyu Han , Fang Wang , Lizhen Cui , Yonghui Xu

The rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) in the realm of mathematical reasoning necessitates comprehensive evaluations to gauge progress and inspire future directions. Existing assessments predominantly focus on problem-solving…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Xiaoyuan Li , Wenjie Wang , Moxin Li , Junrong Guo , Yang Zhang , Fuli Feng
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