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Large Language Models (LLMs) are expected to be predictable and trustworthy to support reliable decision-making systems. Yet current LLMs often show inconsistencies in their judgments. In this work, we examine logical preference consistency…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Yinhong Liu , Zhijiang Guo , Tianya Liang , Ehsan Shareghi , Ivan Vulić , Nigel Collier

Every distributed system -- databases, networks, postal services, CPU caches -- is a message-passing system. Every message-passing system is a growing causal log observed by a set of observers. We present Light Cone Consistency (LCC), a…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Rob Landers , Kaben Kramer

Large Language Models (LLMs) have grown increasingly powerful, yet ensuring their decisions remain transparent and trustworthy requires self-consistency -- no contradictions in their internal reasoning. Our study reveals that even on simple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Zhenru Lin , Jiawen Tao , Yang Yuan , Andrew Chi-Chih Yao

Chain-of-thought (CoT) has emerged as a critical mechanism for enhancing reasoning capabilities in large language models (LLMs), with self-consistency demonstrating notable promise in boosting performance. However, inherent linguistic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Zhiwei Yu , Tuo Li , Changhong Wang , Hui Chen , Lang Zhou

Logic provides a controlled testbed for evaluating LLM-based reasoners, yet standard SAT-style benchmarks often conflate surface difficulty (length, wording, clause order) with the structural phenomena that actually determine…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Naïm Es-sebbani , Esteban Marquer , Yakoub Salhi , Zied Bouraoui

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved widespread success on a variety of in-context few-shot tasks, but this success is typically evaluated via correctness rather than consistency. We argue that self-consistency is an important…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-09 Angelica Chen , Jason Phang , Alicia Parrish , Vishakh Padmakumar , Chen Zhao , Samuel R. Bowman , Kyunghyun Cho

In recent years, large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant success in performing varied natural language tasks such as language translation, question-answering, summarizing, fact-checking, etc. Despite LLMs' impressive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Bishwamittra Ghosh , Sarah Hasan , Naheed Anjum Arafat , Arijit Khan

In this paper paraconsistent first-order logic LP^{#}_{\omega} with restricted modus ponens rule and infinite hierarchy levels of contradiction is proposed. Corresponding paraconsistent set theory KSth^{#}_{\omega} is discussed.Axiomatical…

Logic · Mathematics 2022-02-16 Jaykov Foukzon

Over the years, different meanings have been associated to the word consistency in the distributed systems community. While in the '80s "consistency" typically meant strong consistency, later defined also as linearizability, in recent…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2016-04-13 Paolo Viotti , Marko Vukolić

In this paper, we will prove that the logics of the family $\textsf{Ciu}^n$:=$\{Ciu^n\}_{n \in \omega}$ of paraconsistent Ciuciura{'}s Logics (defined by means of bivaluations) can be alternatively defined by means of finite matrices. This…

Logic · Mathematics 2023-08-14 Víctor Fernández , Gabriela Eisenberg

We further develop the formal foundations of Paraconsistent Belief Revision (PBR) by introducing Logics of Formal Inconsistency (LFIs) specifically designed to support the development of epistemic entrenchment-based models for belief…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Marcelo E. Coniglio , Martin Figallo , Rafael R. Testa

Large language models (LLMs) often exhibit deficient reasoning or generate hallucinations. To address these, studies prefixed with "Self-" such as Self-Consistency, Self-Improve, and Self-Refine have been initiated. They share a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-19 Xun Liang , Shichao Song , Zifan Zheng , Hanyu Wang , Qingchen Yu , Xunkai Li , Rong-Hua Li , Yi Wang , Zhonghao Wang , Feiyu Xiong , Zhiyu Li

The semantic web is an open and distributed environment in which it is hard to guarantee consistency of knowledge and information. Under the standard two-valued semantics everything is entailed if knowledge and information is inconsistent.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-05-01 Wenzhao Qiao , Nico Roos

In many situations humans have to reason with inconsistent knowledge. These inconsistencies may occur due to not fully reliable sources of information. In order to reason with inconsistent knowledge, it is not possible to view a set of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Nico Roos

Program equivalence is the fulcrum for reasoning about and proving properties of programs. For noninterference, for example, program equivalence up to the secrecy level of an observer is shown. A powerful enabler for such proofs are logical…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Stephanie Balzer , Farzaneh Derakhshan , Robert Harper , Yue Yao

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in various reasoning tasks, aided by techniques like chain-of-thought prompting that elicits verbalized reasoning. However, LLMs often generate text with obvious…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Zhihui Xie , Jizhou Guo , Tong Yu , Shuai Li

This paper introduces different views for understanding problems and faults with the goal of defining a method for the formal specification of systems. The idea of Layered Fault Tolerant Specification (LFTS) is proposed to make the method…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2012-07-12 Manuel Mazzara

The well-studied notion of deductive explosion describes the situation where any formula can be deduced from an inconsistent set of formulas. Paraconsistent logic, on the other hand, is the umbrella term for logical systems where the…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2011-11-14 Can Baskent

We present a novel treatment of set theory in a four-valued paraconsistent and paracomplete logic, i.e., a logic in which propositions can be both true and false, and neither true nor false. Our approach is a significant departure from…

Logic · Mathematics 2023-10-18 Yurii Khomskii , Hrafn Valtýr Oddsson

This paper is concerned with the paraconsistent first-order logic LPQ$^{\supset,\mathsf{F}}$, Priest's LPQ enriched with an implication connective and a falsity constant. A sequent-style natural deduction proof system for this logic is…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-09-17 C. A. Middelburg