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While Transformer architectures have demonstrated impressive scalability across domains, they continue to face challenges in long-context reasoning, computational efficiency, and structural generalization - largely due to rigid layer…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Haochen You , Baojing Liu

In the post-deep learning era, the Transformer architecture has demonstrated its powerful performance across pre-trained big models and various downstream tasks. However, the enormous computational demands of this architecture have deterred…

As the demand for processing extended textual data grows, the ability to handle long-range dependencies and maintain computational efficiency is more critical than ever. One of the key issues for long-sequence modeling using attention-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Aosong Feng , Rex Ying , Leandros Tassiulas

The attention mechanism within the transformer architecture enables the model to weigh and combine tokens based on their relevance to the query. While self-attention has enjoyed major success, it notably treats all queries $q$ in the same…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-21 Xuechen Zhang , Xiangyu Chang , Mingchen Li , Amit Roy-Chowdhury , Jiasi Chen , Samet Oymak

Current state-of-the-art machine translation systems are based on encoder-decoder architectures, that first encode the input sequence, and then generate an output sequence based on the input encoding. Both are interfaced with an attention…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-11-02 Maha Elbayad , Laurent Besacier , Jakob Verbeek

Transformers, powered by the attention mechanism, are the backbone of most foundation models, yet they suffer from quadratic complexity and difficulties in dealing with long-range dependencies in the input sequence. Recent work has shown…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Riccardo Zattra , Giacomo Baggio , Umberto Casti , Augusto Ferrante , Francesco Ticozzi

Efficient long-context language modeling remains a significant challenge in Natural Language Processing (NLP). While Transformers dominate language tasks, they struggle with long sequences due to quadratic computational complexity in…

Neural sequence-to-sequence networks with attention have achieved remarkable performance for machine translation. One of the reasons for their effectiveness is their ability to capture relevant source-side contextual information at each…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-10-02 Lesly Miculicich Werlen , Nikolaos Pappas , Dhananjay Ram , Andrei Popescu-Belis

Decision Transformer, a promising approach that applies Transformer architectures to reinforcement learning, relies on causal self-attention to model sequences of states, actions, and rewards. While this method has shown competitive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Toshihiro Ota

In this paper, we describe the use of recurrent neural networks to capture sequential information from the self-attention representations to improve the Transformers. Although self-attention mechanism provides a means to exploit long…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-06 Tze Yuang Chong , Xuyang Wang , Lin Yang , Junjie Wang

A sequence-to-sequence model is a neural network module for mapping two sequences of different lengths. The sequence-to-sequence model has three core modules: encoder, decoder, and attention. Attention is the bridge that connects the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-07-24 Andros Tjandra , Sakriani Sakti , Satoshi Nakamura

To mitigate the computational complexity in the self-attention mechanism on long sequences, linear attention utilizes computation tricks to achieve linear complexity, while state space models (SSMs) popularize a favorable practice of using…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-17 Zicheng Liu , Siyuan Li , Li Wang , Zedong Wang , Yunfan Liu , Stan Z. Li

In Sequential Recommendation Systems (SRSs), Transformer models have demonstrated remarkable performance but face computational and memory cost challenges, especially when modeling long-term user behavior sequences. Due to its quadratic…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Juntao Hu , Wei Zhou , Haini Cai , Xiao Du , Huayi Shen , Junhao Wen

Self-attention has recently been adopted for a wide range of sequence modeling problems. Despite its effectiveness, self-attention suffers from quadratic compute and memory requirements with respect to sequence length. Successful approaches…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-27 Aurko Roy , Mohammad Saffar , Ashish Vaswani , David Grangier

Transformers are state-of-the-art models for a variety of sequence modeling tasks. At their core is an attention function which models pairwise interactions between the inputs at every timestep. While attention is powerful, it does not…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-23 Hao Peng , Nikolaos Pappas , Dani Yogatama , Roy Schwartz , Noah A. Smith , Lingpeng Kong

State space models (SSMs) are a promising alternative to transformers for language modeling because they use fixed memory during inference. However, this fixed memory usage requires some information loss in the hidden state when processing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Tamanna Hossain , Robert L. Logan , Ganesh Jagadeesan , Sameer Singh , Joel Tetreault , Alejandro Jaimes

Neural end-to-end text-to-speech (TTS) , which adopts either a recurrent model, e.g. Tacotron, or an attention one, e.g. Transformer, to characterize a speech utterance, has achieved significant improvement of speech synthesis. However, it…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-11-18 Xi Wang , Huaiping Ming , Lei He , Frank K. Soong

Transformers are powerful sequence models, but require time and memory that grows quadratically with the sequence length. In this paper we introduce sparse factorizations of the attention matrix which reduce this to $O(n \sqrt{n})$. We also…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-25 Rewon Child , Scott Gray , Alec Radford , Ilya Sutskever

In scene text detection, Transformer-based methods have addressed the global feature extraction limitations inherent in traditional convolution neural network-based methods. However, most directly rely on native Transformer attention layers…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Qiyan Zhao , Yue Yan , Da-Han Wang

Efficiently handling long contexts in transformer-based language models with low perplexity is an active area of research. Numerous recent approaches like Linformer, Longformer, Performer, and Structured state space models (SSMs)., have not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Sushant Singh , Ausif Mahmood